Lecture 14
... The Gustatory System • Transduction ⇐ Salty: diffusion through ion channels Neuron Na+ Na+ ...
... The Gustatory System • Transduction ⇐ Salty: diffusion through ion channels Neuron Na+ Na+ ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... male rats. The anterior and posterior parts of the BMA, recognized on cytoarchitectonic grounds, display very different projection patterns. Within the amygdala, the anterior basomedial nucleus (BMAa)heavily innervates the central, medial, and anterior cortical nuclei. In contrast, the posterior bas ...
... male rats. The anterior and posterior parts of the BMA, recognized on cytoarchitectonic grounds, display very different projection patterns. Within the amygdala, the anterior basomedial nucleus (BMAa)heavily innervates the central, medial, and anterior cortical nuclei. In contrast, the posterior bas ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... English summary Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the dete ...
... English summary Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the dete ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... The aims of this paper are to describe how taste, olfactory, and food texture inputs are processed in the brain, how a representation of reward value is produced and is related to subjective pleasure, how cognition and selective attention influence this value-related processing, and how decisions are ...
... The aims of this paper are to describe how taste, olfactory, and food texture inputs are processed in the brain, how a representation of reward value is produced and is related to subjective pleasure, how cognition and selective attention influence this value-related processing, and how decisions are ...
Geophytes
... Bulbs are a primary example of a group of plants called geophytes that produce specialized underground structures that function as storage organs and permit the plant to survive adverse conditions. Geophytes include bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots, tuberous stems, and rhizomes. These are often ...
... Bulbs are a primary example of a group of plants called geophytes that produce specialized underground structures that function as storage organs and permit the plant to survive adverse conditions. Geophytes include bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots, tuberous stems, and rhizomes. These are often ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... The way an animal responds to a stimulus is determined by a complex interplay between innate drives and learned reactions. In order to understand how an animal acquires or modifies knowledge or skills (learning) and stores and retrieves that information for later use (memory), we must first understa ...
... The way an animal responds to a stimulus is determined by a complex interplay between innate drives and learned reactions. In order to understand how an animal acquires or modifies knowledge or skills (learning) and stores and retrieves that information for later use (memory), we must first understa ...
A forward genetic screen with a thalamocortical emx2
... Figure 1 The TCA-TLZ reporter line marks thalamocortical axons specifically and consistently during development. (A) The TCA-TLZ reporter expresses beta-galactosidase in dorsal thalamic neurons (dTh) starting from E13, and reveals the development of their axon trajectory (TCAs) to cortex (ctx). Cort ...
... Figure 1 The TCA-TLZ reporter line marks thalamocortical axons specifically and consistently during development. (A) The TCA-TLZ reporter expresses beta-galactosidase in dorsal thalamic neurons (dTh) starting from E13, and reveals the development of their axon trajectory (TCAs) to cortex (ctx). Cort ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... an odor was associated in the reversal of an olfactory discrimination task. It was found that 68% of the sample of neurons analyzed altered the way in which they responded to odor when the taste reinforcement association of the odor was reversed (Rolls et al., 1996b). (Of the 68%, 25% showed reversa ...
... an odor was associated in the reversal of an olfactory discrimination task. It was found that 68% of the sample of neurons analyzed altered the way in which they responded to odor when the taste reinforcement association of the odor was reversed (Rolls et al., 1996b). (Of the 68%, 25% showed reversa ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual, and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, V2, and ...
... Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual, and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, V2, and ...
University of Groningen Taste and smell changes in cancer
... refers to the perception of odours through the nose during sniffing. Retronasal smell is the perception of odours through the mouth during eating and drinking. When food enters the mouth, the primary tastes are merged with the smell of foods [1]. The term ‘flavour’ has been defined as the combinatio ...
... refers to the perception of odours through the nose during sniffing. Retronasal smell is the perception of odours through the mouth during eating and drinking. When food enters the mouth, the primary tastes are merged with the smell of foods [1]. The term ‘flavour’ has been defined as the combinatio ...
Identity-specific coding of future rewards in the human orbitofrontal
... value levels) (Fig. 1C). These odors were then used as unconditioned stimuli (US) in a classical conditioning procedure on the first day of the experiment, wherein each odor was paired with two unique visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (Fig. 1D). Subjects underwent fMRI scanning on the next 2 days of t ...
... value levels) (Fig. 1C). These odors were then used as unconditioned stimuli (US) in a classical conditioning procedure on the first day of the experiment, wherein each odor was paired with two unique visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (Fig. 1D). Subjects underwent fMRI scanning on the next 2 days of t ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... the anatomical or physiological pathways for behavioral preference are largely undefined. At one extreme, there could be a complete labeled-line segregation of sensory projections, as proposed in Drosophila, where sweet and bitter taste fibers project to different target regions in the brain (Thorne ...
... the anatomical or physiological pathways for behavioral preference are largely undefined. At one extreme, there could be a complete labeled-line segregation of sensory projections, as proposed in Drosophila, where sweet and bitter taste fibers project to different target regions in the brain (Thorne ...
Sensory Systems - Zanichelli online per la scuola
... Odorant: a molecule that binds to a receptor protein on the olfactory cilia. Olfactory receptor proteins are specific for particular odorants. ...
... Odorant: a molecule that binds to a receptor protein on the olfactory cilia. Olfactory receptor proteins are specific for particular odorants. ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... umami tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoes, mushrooms and milk)(15) and inosine monophosphate (which is present in meat and some fish such as tuna)(16). This evidence, taken together with the identification of glutamate taste receptors(22,23), leads to ...
... umami tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoes, mushrooms and milk)(15) and inosine monophosphate (which is present in meat and some fish such as tuna)(16). This evidence, taken together with the identification of glutamate taste receptors(22,23), leads to ...
Mechanisms of Maximum Information Preservation in the Drosophila
... In this section, we describe the construction of a network model of the Drosophila antennal lobe (Fig. 1 (B)). There are three types of neurons in the Drosophila antennal lobe: ORNs, PNs, and LNs. We assume that these neurons fire according to a Poisson process with a time-independent firing rate fo ...
... In this section, we describe the construction of a network model of the Drosophila antennal lobe (Fig. 1 (B)). There are three types of neurons in the Drosophila antennal lobe: ORNs, PNs, and LNs. We assume that these neurons fire according to a Poisson process with a time-independent firing rate fo ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... humans, Zatorre et al. (1992) and Zald & Pardo (1997) showed that the orbitofrontal cortex can be activated by odours such as vanilla and H2S. Another PET study found that the perception, discrimination and recognition of odours activate the orbitofrontal, cingulate and insula cortices (Savic & Berg ...
... humans, Zatorre et al. (1992) and Zald & Pardo (1997) showed that the orbitofrontal cortex can be activated by odours such as vanilla and H2S. Another PET study found that the perception, discrimination and recognition of odours activate the orbitofrontal, cingulate and insula cortices (Savic & Berg ...
Full-Text PDF
... orientation behavior. Among them, the sex-pheromone-guided orientation behaviors of moths have been extensively studied using wind tunnels [11–17]. However, there have been few neurophysiological studies of the proprioceptive mechanoreceptors related to moth flight. A stretch receptor, one of propri ...
... orientation behavior. Among them, the sex-pheromone-guided orientation behaviors of moths have been extensively studied using wind tunnels [11–17]. However, there have been few neurophysiological studies of the proprioceptive mechanoreceptors related to moth flight. A stretch receptor, one of propri ...
Behavioral and Pathological Effects in the Rat
... from altered neurotransmission, mostly within the basal ganglia (reviewed by Cadet, 1989). The permanent nature of the syndrome suggested, however, that it would more likely be associated with permanent histopathological changes. Silverstaining data indicated that sparse axonal degeneration may occu ...
... from altered neurotransmission, mostly within the basal ganglia (reviewed by Cadet, 1989). The permanent nature of the syndrome suggested, however, that it would more likely be associated with permanent histopathological changes. Silverstaining data indicated that sparse axonal degeneration may occu ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... S2). Lastly, R66C08-GAL4 only expresses in the M6/MBONg5b0 2a neurons that mostly innervate the g lobe tip and the anterior zone of b0 2 (Figure 1C, Movie S3). We determined the polarity of the M4/6 neurons using expression of established neural compartment marker proteins. The dendritic marker DenM ...
... S2). Lastly, R66C08-GAL4 only expresses in the M6/MBONg5b0 2a neurons that mostly innervate the g lobe tip and the anterior zone of b0 2 (Figure 1C, Movie S3). We determined the polarity of the M4/6 neurons using expression of established neural compartment marker proteins. The dendritic marker DenM ...
19. Senses General and Special
... Following the amputation of an appendage, the patient often continues to experience pain that feels like it is coming from the removed part. The stimulation of a sensory neuron pathway from the removed limb anywhere on the remaining intact portion of the pathway propagates nerve impulses and conduct ...
... Following the amputation of an appendage, the patient often continues to experience pain that feels like it is coming from the removed part. The stimulation of a sensory neuron pathway from the removed limb anywhere on the remaining intact portion of the pathway propagates nerve impulses and conduct ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... inhibitory synaptic transmission in the association fiber pathway (Hasselmo and Bower 1992; Patil and Hasselmo 1996; Williams and Constanti 1988a). Although brain slice preparations provide controlled conditions for analyzing modulatory effects, it is important to demonstrate that these effects appe ...
... inhibitory synaptic transmission in the association fiber pathway (Hasselmo and Bower 1992; Patil and Hasselmo 1996; Williams and Constanti 1988a). Although brain slice preparations provide controlled conditions for analyzing modulatory effects, it is important to demonstrate that these effects appe ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... Nomarski optics. The morphology of the projections neurons within the deutocerebrum was examined by intracellular staining of the cells with L ucifer yellow CH (Sigma). Neurons were penetrated primarily in the cell body and stained by iontophoretic injection of L ucifer yellow using hyperpolarizing ...
... Nomarski optics. The morphology of the projections neurons within the deutocerebrum was examined by intracellular staining of the cells with L ucifer yellow CH (Sigma). Neurons were penetrated primarily in the cell body and stained by iontophoretic injection of L ucifer yellow using hyperpolarizing ...
Art.-Schoenbaum (R) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... in the ability to integrate and organize information used in the selection of behavioral strategies4,5,17,21. Accordingly, OFC may function to guide adaptive behavior by accessing relevant information from afferent structures such as ABL. This view, distinguishing the functions of OFC and ABL, is co ...
... in the ability to integrate and organize information used in the selection of behavioral strategies4,5,17,21. Accordingly, OFC may function to guide adaptive behavior by accessing relevant information from afferent structures such as ABL. This view, distinguishing the functions of OFC and ABL, is co ...
studentspecialsenses
... Highly modified neurons Olfactory reception Involves detecting dissolved chemicals as they interact with odorant-binding proteins ...
... Highly modified neurons Olfactory reception Involves detecting dissolved chemicals as they interact with odorant-binding proteins ...
Olfaction
Olfaction, also known as olfactics, is the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, which can be considered analogous to sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates. In humans, olfaction occurs when odorant molecules bind to specific sites on the olfactory receptors. These receptors are used to detect the presence of smell. They come together at the glomerulus, a structure which transmits signals to the olfactory bulb (a brain structure directly above the nasal cavity and below the frontal lobe). Many vertebrates, including most mammals and reptiles, have two distinct olfactory systems—the main olfactory system, and the accessory olfactory system (used mainly to detect pheromones). For air-breathing animals, the main olfactory system detects volatile chemicals, and the accessory olfactory system detects fluid-phase chemicals. Olfaction, along with taste, is a form of chemoreception. The chemicals themselves that activate the olfactory system, in general at very low concentrations, are called odorants. Although taste and smell are separate sensory systems in land animals, water-dwelling organisms often have one chemical sense.Volatile small molecule odorants, non-volatile proteins, and non-volatile hydrocarbons may all produce olfactory sensations. Some animal species are able to smell carbon dioxide in minute concentrations.