Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory
... body output, but the manner in which a memory trace in the mushroom body drives conditioned avoidance of a learned odor remains unknown. To identify neurons that are involved in olfactory memory retrieval, we performed an anatomical and functional screen of defined sets of mushroom body output neuro ...
... body output, but the manner in which a memory trace in the mushroom body drives conditioned avoidance of a learned odor remains unknown. To identify neurons that are involved in olfactory memory retrieval, we performed an anatomical and functional screen of defined sets of mushroom body output neuro ...
ARTICLES - Test Page
... basis of the recombination efficiency, we estimated that the majority of pre-existing granule cells in the olfactory bulb were replaced by new neurons by 12 months after tamoxifen treatment, although it is possible that a small population of granule cells are maintained stably without replacement. T ...
... basis of the recombination efficiency, we estimated that the majority of pre-existing granule cells in the olfactory bulb were replaced by new neurons by 12 months after tamoxifen treatment, although it is possible that a small population of granule cells are maintained stably without replacement. T ...
Function of Peripheral Olfactory Organs
... and Card6 1994). Even close to an odour source - and that includes along insect trails such as those produced by termites, ants, and gregarious caterpillars in which the trail follower is never more than a few millimeters from the source - there is no evidence that anything other than the relative d ...
... and Card6 1994). Even close to an odour source - and that includes along insect trails such as those produced by termites, ants, and gregarious caterpillars in which the trail follower is never more than a few millimeters from the source - there is no evidence that anything other than the relative d ...
New Features of Connectivity in Piriform Cortex Visualized by
... Analysis of the depth distribution of axonal arbors in piriform cortex can provide insight into postsynaptic targets as a consequence of the laminar segregation of different neuronal elements. Although depth distributions of intrinsic projections have been studied in piriform cortex with extracellul ...
... Analysis of the depth distribution of axonal arbors in piriform cortex can provide insight into postsynaptic targets as a consequence of the laminar segregation of different neuronal elements. Although depth distributions of intrinsic projections have been studied in piriform cortex with extracellul ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfactory receptor neurons that express the same odorant receptor project to the same glomerulus in the brain, and so most individual stimuli are encoded by the combined ac ...
... Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfactory receptor neurons that express the same odorant receptor project to the same glomerulus in the brain, and so most individual stimuli are encoded by the combined ac ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... evoked spike frequency, indicative for a dierential neural representation of associative and non-associative events at the MB level. The precise mechanisms that underlie modulations of odor-evoked activity in MB neurons are still unknown. Modulatory input from the VUMmx1 neuron, which mediates the ...
... evoked spike frequency, indicative for a dierential neural representation of associative and non-associative events at the MB level. The precise mechanisms that underlie modulations of odor-evoked activity in MB neurons are still unknown. Modulatory input from the VUMmx1 neuron, which mediates the ...
2 m – 21. I, II, III, IV, VI, VIII pairs of cranial nerves
... orbital fissure. Within the bony orbit, the abducens nerve terminates by innervating the lateral rectus muscle. The abducens nerve innervates a single muscle – the lateral rectus, one of the muscles of oculomotion. This muscle takes its origin from the common tendinous ring, and acts to abduct the e ...
... orbital fissure. Within the bony orbit, the abducens nerve terminates by innervating the lateral rectus muscle. The abducens nerve innervates a single muscle – the lateral rectus, one of the muscles of oculomotion. This muscle takes its origin from the common tendinous ring, and acts to abduct the e ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... circuit features of the nodal points where the mechanistic operation of perception take place for one type of sensation in one species and to verify it for the presence of comparable circuit properties for perceiving a different sensation in a different species. The present work explains visual perc ...
... circuit features of the nodal points where the mechanistic operation of perception take place for one type of sensation in one species and to verify it for the presence of comparable circuit properties for perceiving a different sensation in a different species. The present work explains visual perc ...
Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
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... rats to cat odor causes significant and relatively long-term reduction in overall locomotor activity, reduces non-defensive behaviors, such as grooming and reproduction, and produces robust defensive responses, despite the animals having never previously encountered a cat (Blanchard et al., 1990; Zan ...
... rats to cat odor causes significant and relatively long-term reduction in overall locomotor activity, reduces non-defensive behaviors, such as grooming and reproduction, and produces robust defensive responses, despite the animals having never previously encountered a cat (Blanchard et al., 1990; Zan ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
... systematic clonal analysis of projection neurons, allowing us to correlate lineage and birth time of projection neurons with their glomerular choice. We demonstrate that projection neurons are prespeci®ed by lineage and birth order to form a synapse with speci®c incoming ORN axons, and therefore to ...
... systematic clonal analysis of projection neurons, allowing us to correlate lineage and birth time of projection neurons with their glomerular choice. We demonstrate that projection neurons are prespeci®ed by lineage and birth order to form a synapse with speci®c incoming ORN axons, and therefore to ...
supplemental figures
... F(2,36) = 3.02, P = 0.090). (c) Typical rat example for lesion effect in accuracy. The accuracy was decreased by the ACC lesion and was gradually recovered in the training session after surgery. (d) Typical rat example for lesion effect in premature response. The premature proportion was increased b ...
... F(2,36) = 3.02, P = 0.090). (c) Typical rat example for lesion effect in accuracy. The accuracy was decreased by the ACC lesion and was gradually recovered in the training session after surgery. (d) Typical rat example for lesion effect in premature response. The premature proportion was increased b ...
Habituation, sensitization and Pavlovian conditioning
... on the parameters of the stimulation protocol (e.g., odor concentration, frequency of odor presentation), a temporary increment in responsiveness might initially be observed. If, however, an appetitive gustatory stimulus (e.g., sugar) is repeated with the same ISI, depending again on the concentrati ...
... on the parameters of the stimulation protocol (e.g., odor concentration, frequency of odor presentation), a temporary increment in responsiveness might initially be observed. If, however, an appetitive gustatory stimulus (e.g., sugar) is repeated with the same ISI, depending again on the concentrati ...
lmmunocytochemical Mapping of 18236, A Brain
... Attempts to define the specific properties of the nervous system have generally begun with comparative analysis of its chemical or functional differences with cells of other organ systems, Likewise, attempts to clarify the uniquely complex structural organization of the brain were first approached t ...
... Attempts to define the specific properties of the nervous system have generally begun with comparative analysis of its chemical or functional differences with cells of other organ systems, Likewise, attempts to clarify the uniquely complex structural organization of the brain were first approached t ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... continuously monitored by measuring the individual foods show distinct odorant-category profiles. The names of the odorants in the boxes a–z, aa–az, ba– bz, and ca– cr chest movement with a strain gauge (TR-651T; are listed in the supplemental Figures 1 and 2 (available at www.jneurosci.org as suppl ...
... continuously monitored by measuring the individual foods show distinct odorant-category profiles. The names of the odorants in the boxes a–z, aa–az, ba– bz, and ca– cr chest movement with a strain gauge (TR-651T; are listed in the supplemental Figures 1 and 2 (available at www.jneurosci.org as suppl ...
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY B.Sc. Counselling Psychology
... The process of recognizing where a sound is coming from is analogous to recognizing depth or distance in vision. Both processes involve spatial aspects of sensory input. Many features contribute to auditory localization of which the following are most important: Having two ears In the same way that ...
... The process of recognizing where a sound is coming from is analogous to recognizing depth or distance in vision. Both processes involve spatial aspects of sensory input. Many features contribute to auditory localization of which the following are most important: Having two ears In the same way that ...
ENT – Second Long Exam (2010-2011) Which of the following is the
... c. Inspired air is heated by 25% on entering the nasopharynx, with relative humidity of over 90% d. Transforming turbulent to laminar airflow is integral to nasal airconditioning functions 4. The nose is essential for olfaction. The following statement best describes this unique role: ...
... c. Inspired air is heated by 25% on entering the nasopharynx, with relative humidity of over 90% d. Transforming turbulent to laminar airflow is integral to nasal airconditioning functions 4. The nose is essential for olfaction. The following statement best describes this unique role: ...
Chapter 17- The Special Senses
... C) Images projected on the retina are inverted and reversed. D) Accommodation is an increased curvature of the lens for near vision. E) The longest distance at which an object can be focused is the near point. 26) Ten year old Matt Zigbowski struggles at school. His teacher seats students alphabetic ...
... C) Images projected on the retina are inverted and reversed. D) Accommodation is an increased curvature of the lens for near vision. E) The longest distance at which an object can be focused is the near point. 26) Ten year old Matt Zigbowski struggles at school. His teacher seats students alphabetic ...
document
... Which of the following statements regarding olfactory receptors is false? a. Olfactory receptor cells are highly modified neurons. b. When an odorous substance binds to its receptor on the surface of an olfactory cilium, the receptor membrane hyperpolarizes. c. Approximately 10-20 million olfactory ...
... Which of the following statements regarding olfactory receptors is false? a. Olfactory receptor cells are highly modified neurons. b. When an odorous substance binds to its receptor on the surface of an olfactory cilium, the receptor membrane hyperpolarizes. c. Approximately 10-20 million olfactory ...
Exam 5 Study Guide
... nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon, axon collateral, myelin sheath, neurofibril node (node of Ranvier), axon terminal, synaptic kno ...
... nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon, axon collateral, myelin sheath, neurofibril node (node of Ranvier), axon terminal, synaptic kno ...
Exam 5 Study Guide-sp2016
... nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon, axon collateral, myelin sheath, neurofibril node (node of Ranvier), axon terminal, synaptic kno ...
... nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon, axon collateral, myelin sheath, neurofibril node (node of Ranvier), axon terminal, synaptic kno ...
Structure and function in the cerebral ganglion
... neurites of the same cells, observed within the procerebrum, are typically postsynaptic at points of contact. Thus, the ultrastructural evidence supports the view that some procerebral neurons are true projection neurons. They receive functional inputs within the procerebrum and they transmit to loc ...
... neurites of the same cells, observed within the procerebrum, are typically postsynaptic at points of contact. Thus, the ultrastructural evidence supports the view that some procerebral neurons are true projection neurons. They receive functional inputs within the procerebrum and they transmit to loc ...
Replacement of Receptor Cells in the Hamster
... levels, there was considerable variability and this increase was not statistically different from control levels (P — 0.24). By day 21, however, the number of replacement cells had decreased back to 68.8% of control. This decrease was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At longer recovery times (2 ...
... levels, there was considerable variability and this increase was not statistically different from control levels (P — 0.24). By day 21, however, the number of replacement cells had decreased back to 68.8% of control. This decrease was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At longer recovery times (2 ...
Somatic and Special Senses
... http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_02/d_02_m/d_02_m_vis/d_02_m_vis_1a.jpg ...
... http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_02/d_02_m/d_02_m_vis/d_02_m_vis_1a.jpg ...
Olfaction
Olfaction, also known as olfactics, is the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, which can be considered analogous to sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates. In humans, olfaction occurs when odorant molecules bind to specific sites on the olfactory receptors. These receptors are used to detect the presence of smell. They come together at the glomerulus, a structure which transmits signals to the olfactory bulb (a brain structure directly above the nasal cavity and below the frontal lobe). Many vertebrates, including most mammals and reptiles, have two distinct olfactory systems—the main olfactory system, and the accessory olfactory system (used mainly to detect pheromones). For air-breathing animals, the main olfactory system detects volatile chemicals, and the accessory olfactory system detects fluid-phase chemicals. Olfaction, along with taste, is a form of chemoreception. The chemicals themselves that activate the olfactory system, in general at very low concentrations, are called odorants. Although taste and smell are separate sensory systems in land animals, water-dwelling organisms often have one chemical sense.Volatile small molecule odorants, non-volatile proteins, and non-volatile hydrocarbons may all produce olfactory sensations. Some animal species are able to smell carbon dioxide in minute concentrations.