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Exam 5 Study Guide
Chapter 14 – Nervous Tissue
Distinguish between a neuron and a nerve.
Understand the structure and function of the nervous system and its parts: central nervous system,
peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor
nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems.
Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites,
dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon, axon collateral, myelin sheath, neurofibril node (node of Ranvier),
axon terminal, synaptic knobs. Be able to identify these parts on a diagram or model.
Be able to recognize nervous tissue, including individual neurons and glial cells on a microscope slide. Be
able to distinguish a neuromuscular junction, neuron smear, and nerve, as well as cerebral cortex,
cerebellum, and spinal cord from microscope slides
Distinguish between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and explain where each can be found.
Explain the structure and function of interneurons. Know where they can be found.
Understand the function of different types of glial cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells,
microglial cells, Schwann cells, and satellite cells. Know where each type of cell can be found.
Understand how the myelin sheath is formed, both in the PNS and the CNS. Understand how Schwann
cells protect unmyelinated axons.
Explain what salutatory conduction is and why it is important.
Explain the basic steps in neuron regeneration.
Understand why spinal cord injuries cause paralysis.
Identify and define the tissue layers within a nerve: myelin sheath, endoneurium, perineurium,
epineurium. Identify a fascicle in a nerve on a diagram or model.
Understand how a chemical synapse works and how drugs interrupt the function of such a synapse.
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Chapter 15 – Brain and Cranial Nerves
Identify the following structures on a diagram or a model of the brain. Be able to explain their function:
Gyrus
Lateral sulcus
Parietal lobe
Insula
Medulla oblongata
Longitudinal fissure
Interthalamic adhesion
Pituitary gland
Sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Central sulcus
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Pons
Brainstem
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Understand that the brain develops from the anterior portion of the spinal cord during embryonic
development.
Distinguish between gray matter and white matter in the brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
Identify the cranial meninges on a diagram or model and explain the structure and function of each
layer: pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater (including the arachnoid space and arachnoid
granulations).
Identify the cranial dura septa within the brain on a model or diagram. Explain the function and
structure of each: falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma selae
Understand what venous sinuses are within the brain. Identify the sinuses: superior sagittal sinus,
inferior sagittal sinus, confluence of sinuses, straight sinus, transverse sinus, occipital sinus.
Understand the structure and function of the brain ventricles. Be able to identify the ventricles as a
group and the cerebral aqueduct on a model or a diagram. Understand the connection between the
cerebral ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Describe the makeup and function of cerebrospinal fluid. Understand that CSF is made in the choroid
plexus and be able to identify choroid plexus on a diagram or model.
Understand the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, including the cells that form it and the
way that it protects the brain.
Identify the following areas of the brain on a diagram or a model. Be able to explain their function:
Left hemisphere
Postcentral gyrus
Premotor cortex
Wernicke area
Primary gustatory cortex
Primary olfactory cortex
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Right hemisphere
Primary motor cortex
Somatosensory association area
Primary visual cortex
Primary auditory cortex
Exam 5 Study Guide
Precentral gyrus
Primary somatosensory cortex
Motor speech area (Broca area)
Visual association area
Auditory association area
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Explain what the cerebral homunculus is and how it relates to the primary motor cortex and the primary
somatosensory cortex. (You do not have to identify individual sections of the homunculus or be able to
identify where any given body part is mapped on the homunculus.)
Understand how brain injuries help scientists understand what different parts of the brain do.
Explain what a frontal lobotomy is what how it was used in medicine, and why it is now rarely used.
Explain what association tracts are and be able to identify the corpus callosum as the largest area of
association tracts. Distinguish between arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi.
Identify the structures within the diencephalon and the brainstem and explain the structure and
function of each:
Fornix
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pons
Thalamus
Medulla oblongata
Distinguish between the cerebrum and the cerebellum and understand how the functions of each differ.
Identify the following features of the cerebellum on a diagram or model: cerebellar cortex, folia, arbor
vitae, gray matter, cerebellar hemispheres, vermis.
Understand the function of the limbic system and what portions of the brain are part of the limbic
system: cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, fornix, amygdaloid body, olfactory bulbs,
olfactory tracts, and olfactory cortex.
Know the names of the cranial nerves in order and be able to explain the function of each. Identify the
olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract in a diagram or on a model. (You
do not have to be able to identify the other cranial nerves in a diagram or model.)
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Chapter 16 – Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Distinguish between the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord. Distinguish
between the true spinal cord and the cauda equine.
Identify the conus medullaris and filum terminale on a diagram or photo.
Identify the parts of the gray matter and white matter of the spinal cord in cross-section. Understand
the structure and function of each feature:
Posterior medial sulcus
Anterior medial fissure
Central canal
Posterior horns
Lateral horns
Anterior horns
Understand how the makeup of the spinal cord changes from the superior to inferior ends.
Understand what makes white and gray matter.
Identify the meninges within the spinal cord and identify the epidural space on a diagram or on a model.
Identify rootlets and roots. Distinguish the function of anterior roots from posterior roots. Be able to
identify both on a model or diagram.
Identify posterior root ganglia on a diagram or model. Explain their function.
Understand the structure of spinal nerves, including how the different signals travel.
Understand the function and structure of rami. Distinguish between anterior and posterior rami, and
identify the rami communicantes. Be able to identify rami on a diagram or model.
Explain the function and structure of the sympathetic trunk ganglion. Identify it on a model or diagram.
Explain the function of intercostal nerves and identify them on a diagram.
Understand what dermatomes are and why they are important in medicine.
Understand what a nerve plexus is and how they work to innervate body structures.
Identify the cervical plexus and explain its function. Explain the function of the phrenic nerve.
Understand the structure and function of the brachial plexus. Identify the rami, trunks, anterior
divisions, posterior divisions, cords, and terminal branches on a diagram. Identify which nerve is the
“funny bone” nerve.
Understand the structure and function of the lumbar plexus. Identify the divisions. Identify the
innervation of the femoral and obturator nerves.
Understand the structure and function of the sacral plexus. Distinguish between the anterior and
posterior divisions. Identify the sciatic nerve on a diagram and explain its function.
Explain what reflexes are and how a reflex arc works. Distinguish between monosynaptic and
polysynaptic reflexes and give an example of each. Explain what hypoactive or hyperactive reflexes may
indicate.
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Chapter 19—Special Senses: Vision
Identify the accessory structures of the eye. Be able to find them on a diagram or model. Explain the
function of each:
Eyebrows
Lacrimal gland
Orbital fat
Iris (and pupil)
Pigmented layer of retina
Dilator pupillae
Anterior cavity
Macula lutea
Eyelashes
Conjunctiva
Sclera
Ciliary Body
Neural layer of retina
Suspensory ligaments
Posterior cavity
Fovea centralis
Eyelids
Cornea
Choroid
Sphincter pupillae
Lens
Optic nerve
Optic disc
Explain the flow of tears from the lacrimal gland to the nasolacrimal duct.
Explain the function of aqueous humor and vitreous humor.
Explain how the eye focuses.
Describe what cataracts are and how they are treated.
Explain why the human eye has a blind spot.
Identify the following parts of the eye on a microscope slide:
Lens
Optic nerve
Optic disc
Cornea
Iris
Sclera
Ciliary body
Explain what a tapetum lucidum is and describe its function. Identify it in a cow eye.
Describe the organization of photoreceptor cells and other neurons within the retina of the eye. Identify
each of the following cells in a diagram and explain the function of each:
Rods
Horizontal cells
Cones
Amacrine cells
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Explain what macular degeneration is and how it is treated.
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Chapter 19-Hearing and Olfaction
Define odorant
Understand how the nose senses smell and how olfaction is processed.
Identify the parts of the olfactory system:
olfactory nerves in
cribiform foramen
olfactory gland cells
olfactory receptor cell
Olfactory bulb
Understand the parts of the ear and the function they serve in hearing and balance. Be able to identify
them in models and diagrams:
Auricle
Tympanic cavity
Labyrinth
Scala vestibuli
Spiral organ
Hair cells
Saccule
External acoustic
meatus
Auditory ossicles
(stapes, incus, malleus)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (CN VIII)
Cochlea
Basilar membrane
Semicircular canals
Ampullae of
semicircular canals
Tympanic membrane
Elastic cartilage
Oval window
Auditory (Eustachian)
tube
Cochlear duct
Scala tympani
Vestibule
Otoliths
Vestibular membrane
Round window
Utricle
Crista ampullaris
Understand how the ear processes sound and how each part of the system functions in the process.
Understand which brain structures are involved in sound processing.
Identify the signs of ear infections.
Identify a cross-section of the cochlea in a microscope slide. Identify the spiral organ in a microscope
slide.
Understand how a cochlear implant works.
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Exam 5 Study Guide
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