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Chapter 12 Self Assessment Part 1 Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it receives and where it sends its output: • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it receives and where it sends its output: • • • • Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brainstem Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • __________ – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and right ________________ • Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into _____ lobes containing groups of neurons that perform specific tasks • Responsible for _________________________________________________________ • Performs major roles in _________ and __________ as well © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Cerebrum – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres • Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into five lobes containing groups of neurons that perform specific tasks • Responsible for higher mental function such as learning, memory, personality, cognition (thinking), language, and conscience • Performs major roles in sensation and movement as well © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • _________ – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of brain • Consists of four distinct structural and functional parts • Responsible for ______, ________, and _________ information to different parts of brain, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, and biological rhythms © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Diencephalon – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of brain • Consists of four distinct structural and functional parts • Responsible for processing, integrating, and relaying information to different parts of brain, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, and biological rhythms © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • _________ – posterior and inferior portion of brain • Divided into left and right hemispheres • Heavily involved in ________ and ________________, especially complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Cerebellum – posterior and inferior portion of brain • Divided into left and right hemispheres • Heavily involved in planning and coordination of movement, especially complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • ___________ – connects brain to spinal cord • • • • Involved in basic _______ homeostatic functions Control of certain reflexes Monitoring ___________ __________ and __________ information to other parts of nervous system © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Brainstem – connects brain to spinal cord • • • • Involved in basic involuntary homeostatic functions Control of certain reflexes Monitoring movement Integrating and relaying information to other parts of nervous system © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • _______________– found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of myelinated axons • Each lobe of cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called _____; receives input from and sends output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in cerebral gray matter called _______ (Figure 12.2a) • Spinal cord contains white matter tracts that shuttle information processed by nuclei in spinal gray matter (Figure 12.2b) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • White matter – found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of myelinated axons • Each lobe of cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called tracts; receives input from and sends output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in cerebral gray matter called nuclei (Figure 12.2a) • Spinal cord contains white matter tracts that shuttle information processed by nuclei in spinal gray matter (Figure 12.2b) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • _______– found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons • Outer few millimeters of cerebrum is gray matter; deeper portions of brain are mostly ________with some _____ matter scattered throughout • Spinal cord is mostly gray matter that _________ information (in cord center); surrounded by tracts of white matter (outside); __________to and from brain © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Gray matter – found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons • Outer few millimeters of cerebrum is gray matter; deeper portions of brain are mostly white matter with some gray matter scattered throughout • Spinal cord is mostly gray matter that processes information (in cord center); surrounded by tracts of white matter (outside); relays information to and from brain © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Figure 12.2 White and gray matter©in2016 thePearson CNS.Education, Inc. Overview of CNS Development Figure 12.3 Development of the brain. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. • _____________ – structure responsible for higher mental functions (Figures 12.4–12.9, Table 12.1) • Gross anatomical features of cerebrum include: • _______ – shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum; ________ – elevated ridges found between sulci; together increase surface area of brain; maximizing limited space within confines of skull; example of Structure-Function Core Principle . © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Cerebrum – structure responsible for higher mental functions (Figures 12.4–12.9, Table 12.1) • Gross anatomical features of cerebrum include: • Sulci – shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum; gyri – elevated ridges found between sulci; together increase surface area of brain; maximizing limited space within confines of skull; example of Structure-Function Core Principle Figure 12.4 Structure of the cerebrum. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Gross anatomical features (continued): • _________ – deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum • ____________ fissure – long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres • A cavity is found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere surrounds right lateral ventricle; left hemisphere surrounds left lateral ventricle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Gross anatomical features (continued): • Fissures – deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum • Longitudinal fissure – long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres • A cavity is found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere surrounds right lateral ventricle; left hemisphere surrounds left lateral ventricle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Figure 12.4b Structure of the cerebrum. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Five lobes are found in each hemisphere of cerebrum (Figure 12.4): • • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Five lobes are found in each hemisphere of cerebrum (Figure 12.4): • • • • • Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Insula © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): • Frontal lobes – most anterior lobes • Posterior border – called central sulcus; sits just behind precentral gyrus • Neurons in these lobes are responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): • Parietal lobes – just posterior to frontal lobes • Contains postcentral gyrus posterior to central sulcus • Neurons in these lobes are responsible for processing and integrating sensory information and function in attention © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): • Temporal lobes – form lateral surfaces of each cerebral hemisphere • Separated from parietal and frontal lobes by lateral fissure • Neurons in these lobes are involved in hearing, language, memory, and emotions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): • Occipital lobes make up posterior aspect of each cerebral hemisphere • Separated from parietal lobe by parieto-occipital sulcus • Neurons in these lobes process all information related to vision © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum • Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): • Insulas – deep underneath lateral fissures; neurons in these lobes are currently thought to be involved in functions related to taste and viscera (internal organs) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Gray Matter: _______________– functionally most complex part of cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres • Most of cerebral cortex is neocortex (most recently evolved region of brain); has a huge surface area • Composed of 6 layers (of neurons and neuroglia) of variable widths (Figure 12.5) • All neurons in cortex are interneurons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex – functionally most complex part of cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres • Most of cerebral cortex is neocortex (most recently evolved region of brain); has a huge surface area • Composed of 6 layers (of neurons and neuroglia) of variable widths (Figure 12.5) • All neurons in cortex are interneurons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued): • Functions of neocortex revolve around conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory information, and complex higher functions • Neocortex is divided into three areas: _____________,_________________,_______________ © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued): • Functions of neocortex revolve around conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory information, and complex higher functions • Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (next slide) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued): • Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued): • _______________– plans and executes movement • ___________________– first regions to receive and process sensory input • __________________integrate different types of information: • ________ areas integrate one specific type of information • ________ areas integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many higher mental functions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued): • Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued): • Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement • Primary sensory cortices – first regions to receive and process sensory input • Association areas integrate different types of information: • Unimodal areas integrate one specific type of information • Multimodal areas integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many higher mental functions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Figure 12.5 Structure of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter _____________– most are located in _______ lobe; contain upper motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle) • _______________; involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe • Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor activity of opposite side of body via PNS neurons called _______ motor neurons; execute order to move © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Motor areas – most are located in frontal lobe; contain upper motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle) • Primary motor cortex; involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe • Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor activity of opposite side of body via PNS neurons called lower motor neurons; execute order to move © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as large ____________located anterior to primary motor cortex • Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement • Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one on each side of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye movements as in reading © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as large premotor cortex located anterior to primary motor cortex • Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement • Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one on each side of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye movements as in reading © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices • Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic senses; information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position • _______________(S1) – in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe • ______________(S2) – posterior to S1 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices • Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic senses; information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position • Primary somatosensory area (S1) – in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe • Somatosensory association cortex (S2) – posterior to S1 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): • Special senses – touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium (balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe • _______________-– at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive visual input; transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement, and depth © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): • Special senses – touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium (balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe • Primary visual cortex – at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive visual input; transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement, and depth © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): • Special senses (continued): • Primary auditory cortex – in superior _________ lobe; first to receive auditory information; input is transferred to nearby auditory ________ cortex and other multimodal association areas for further processing © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): • Special senses (continued): • Primary auditory cortex – in superior temporal lobe; first to receive auditory information; input is transferred to nearby auditory association cortex and other multimodal association areas for further processing © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): • Special senses (continued): • _________ cortex – taste information processing; scattered throughout both insula and parietal lobes • Vestibular areas – deal with _________ and positional sensations; located in parietal and temporal lobes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): • Special senses (continued): • Gustatory cortex – taste information processing; scattered throughout both insula and parietal lobes • Vestibular areas – deal with equilibrium and positional sensations; located in parietal and temporal lobes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): • Special senses (continued): • _______ cortex – processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): • Special senses (continued): • Olfactory cortex – processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Figure 12.5 Structure of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas – regions of cortex that allow us to perform complex mental functions: • Language – processed in two areas of cortex: • _____________area – in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area responsible for ability to produce speech sounds • ____________ area (integrative speech area) – in temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for ability to understand language © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas – regions of cortex that allow us to perform complex mental functions: • Language – processed in two areas of cortex: • Broca’s area – in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area responsible for ability to produce speech sounds • Wernicke’s area (integrative speech area) – in temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for ability to understand language © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas (continued): • ____________ cortex occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates with diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and association areas located in other lobes; many functions including modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas (continued): • Prefrontal cortex occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates with diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and association areas located in other lobes; many functions including modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas (continued): • ________ and ____________ association areas – occupy most of their respective lobes; perform multiple functions including integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas (continued): • Parietal and temporal association areas – occupy most of their respective lobes; perform multiple functions including integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule; includes (Figure 12.6): • 1. • 2. • 3. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule; includes (Figure 12.6): • Caudate nuclei • Putamen • Globus pallidus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Basal nuclei (continued): • ____________ – C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail • _________ – posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called ________________ • ______________-sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers than other regions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter • Basal nuclei (continued): • Caudate nuclei – C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail • Putamen – posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called corpus striatum • Globus pallidus sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers than other regions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Figure 12.6 Structure of the basal nuclei (anterolateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-White Matter • Cerebral white matter can be classified as one of three types (Figure 12.7): • ______________– connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure • _____________ – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and spinal cord; corona radiata are fibers that spread out in a radiating pattern; condense around diencephalon to form two V-shaped bands called internal capsules • ______________– restricted to a single hemisphere; connect gray matter of cortical gyri with one another © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-White Matter • Cerebral white matter can be classified as one of three types (Figure 12.7): • Commissural fibers – connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure • Projection fibers – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and spinal cord; corona radiata are fibers that spread out in a radiating pattern; condense around diencephalon to form two V-shaped bands called internal capsules • Association fibers – restricted to a single hemisphere; connect gray matter of cortical gyri with one another © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum-White Matter Figure 12.7 Structure of cerebral white matter. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.