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THE BRAIN
&
Spinal
Cord
SPINAL CORD
Function: conducting
nerve impulses, center
for spinal reflexes
CNS
NERVE PATHWAYS
 Reflex arc – simple pathway,
includes only a few neurons
 Two-neuron arc (just spinal cord
& motor neurons)
 Three-neuron arc (sensory,
interneurons, and motor)
 Reflex behavior – automatic,
subconscious responses to
stimulus
 Withdrawal reflex – occurs
when you touch something
painful
 Knee-jerk reflex – maintains
uprightness
DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
CEREBRUM
Wrinkly, large part
of the brain
Responsible for
higher mental
function
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
 Left and right sides connected by the corpus
callosum
FISSURES
Separate the lobes of the brain
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
http://testyourself.
psychtests.com/tes
tid/3178
Separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
LOBES OF THE BRAIN
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
FRONTAL LOBE
 Higher intellectual
functioning
 Concentration
 Decision making
 Planning
 Personality
 Verbal
communication
 Voluntary motor
control of skeletal
muscles
PARIETAL LOBE
Formulating words
to express
thoughts/emotions
Sensory
interpretation of
textures (touch)
Pain
TEMPORAL LOBE
Interpretation of
hearing (auditory)
sensations
Interpretation of
smelling (olfactory)
sensations
Understanding
speech
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Interpretation of
visual stimuli
INSULA
Interpretation of
taste
Memory
LATERAL FISSURE
Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal
and parietal lobes
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Thin layer of gray matter that is the outermost
portion of cerebrum (the part with all the
wrinkles)
CONVOLUTIONS OF THE BRAIN
All the wrinkles and
grooves of the
cerebrum
Fissures = deep
grooves
Sulcus = shallow
groove
Gyrus = bump
CENTRAL SULCUS
Separates the frontal
and parietal lobes
Precentral gyrus
(frontal lobe) –
primary motor cortex
Postcentral gyrus
(parietal lobe) –
primary
somatosensory cortex
HOMUNCULUS
 Means “little man”
 Represents the amount of cortex dedicated to a
specific body part
PHANTOM LIMBS
Individuals who undergo amputations
sometimes feel extreme pain in their
amputated “limb” even after its removal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mHIv5To
MTM
P. 498-499
 Lobes of the brain and their functional areas




Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
motor cortex
somatosensory cortex
auditory cortex
visual cortex
 Somatosensory association area
 Auditory association area
 Visual association area
 Broca’s area
 Wernicke area
TRANSVERSE FISSURE
Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum