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Chapter 12 Self Assessment
Part 1
Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it
receives and where it sends its output:
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral
view).
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it
receives and where it sends its output:
•
•
•
•
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral
view).
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• __________ – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and
right ________________
• Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into _____ lobes containing
groups of neurons that perform specific tasks
• Responsible for
_________________________________________________________
• Performs major roles in _________ and __________ as well
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Cerebrum – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and
right cerebral hemispheres
• Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into five lobes containing groups
of neurons that perform specific tasks
• Responsible for higher mental function such as learning, memory, personality,
cognition (thinking), language, and conscience
• Performs major roles in sensation and movement as well
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• _________ – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of
brain
• Consists of four distinct structural and functional parts
• Responsible for ______, ________, and _________ information to different
parts of brain, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, and biological
rhythms
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Diencephalon – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core
of brain
• Consists of four distinct structural and functional parts
• Responsible for processing, integrating, and relaying information to different
parts of brain, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, and biological
rhythms
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• _________ – posterior and inferior portion of brain
• Divided into left and right hemispheres
• Heavily involved in ________ and ________________, especially complex
activities such as playing a sport or an instrument
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Cerebellum – posterior and inferior portion of brain
• Divided into left and right hemispheres
• Heavily involved in planning and coordination of movement, especially
complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• ___________ – connects brain to spinal cord
•
•
•
•
Involved in basic _______ homeostatic functions
Control of certain reflexes
Monitoring ___________
__________ and __________ information to other parts of nervous system
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Brainstem – connects brain to spinal cord
•
•
•
•
Involved in basic involuntary homeostatic functions
Control of certain reflexes
Monitoring movement
Integrating and relaying information to other parts of nervous system
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• _______________– found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of
myelinated axons
• Each lobe of cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called _____;
receives input from and sends output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites
in cerebral gray matter called _______ (Figure 12.2a)
• Spinal cord contains white matter tracts that shuttle information processed by
nuclei in spinal gray matter (Figure 12.2b)
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• White matter – found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of
myelinated axons
• Each lobe of cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called tracts;
receives input from and sends output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites
in cerebral gray matter called nuclei (Figure 12.2a)
• Spinal cord contains white matter tracts that shuttle information processed by
nuclei in spinal gray matter (Figure 12.2b)
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• _______– found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of neuron cell
bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
• Outer few millimeters of cerebrum is gray matter; deeper portions of brain
are mostly ________with some _____ matter scattered throughout
• Spinal cord is mostly gray matter that _________ information (in cord center);
surrounded by tracts of white matter (outside); __________to and from brain
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Gray matter – found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of neuron
cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
• Outer few millimeters of cerebrum is gray matter; deeper portions of brain
are mostly white matter with some gray matter scattered throughout
• Spinal cord is mostly gray matter that processes information (in cord center);
surrounded by tracts of white matter (outside); relays information to and
from brain
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Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Figure 12.2 White and gray matter©in2016
thePearson
CNS.Education, Inc.
Overview of CNS Development
Figure 12.3 Development of the brain.
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• _____________ – structure responsible for higher mental functions
(Figures 12.4–12.9, Table 12.1)
• Gross anatomical features of cerebrum include:
• _______ – shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum; ________ – elevated ridges found
between sulci; together increase surface area of brain; maximizing limited space within
confines of skull; example of Structure-Function Core Principle
.
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The Cerebrum
• Cerebrum – structure responsible for higher mental functions (Figures
12.4–12.9, Table 12.1)
• Gross anatomical features of cerebrum include:
• Sulci – shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum; gyri – elevated ridges found between
sulci; together increase surface area of brain; maximizing limited space within confines
of skull; example of Structure-Function Core Principle
Figure 12.4 Structure of the cerebrum.
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The Cerebrum
• Gross anatomical features (continued):
• _________ – deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum
• ____________ fissure – long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral
hemispheres
• A cavity is found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere surrounds
right lateral ventricle; left hemisphere surrounds left lateral ventricle
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The Cerebrum
• Gross anatomical features (continued):
• Fissures – deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum
• Longitudinal fissure – long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral
hemispheres
• A cavity is found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere surrounds
right lateral ventricle; left hemisphere surrounds left lateral ventricle
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The Cerebrum
Figure 12.4b Structure of the cerebrum.
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The Cerebrum
• Five lobes are found in each hemisphere of cerebrum (Figure 12.4):
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
• Five lobes are found in each hemisphere of cerebrum (Figure 12.4):
•
•
•
•
•
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insula
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The Cerebrum
• Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
• Frontal lobes – most anterior lobes
• Posterior border – called central sulcus; sits just behind precentral gyrus
• Neurons in these lobes are responsible for planning and executing movement and
complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality
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The Cerebrum
• Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
• Parietal lobes – just posterior to frontal lobes
• Contains postcentral gyrus posterior to central sulcus
• Neurons in these lobes are responsible for processing and integrating sensory
information and function in attention
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The Cerebrum
• Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
• Temporal lobes – form lateral surfaces of each cerebral hemisphere
• Separated from parietal and frontal lobes by lateral fissure
• Neurons in these lobes are involved in hearing, language, memory, and emotions
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The Cerebrum
• Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
• Occipital lobes make up posterior aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
• Separated from parietal lobe by parieto-occipital sulcus
• Neurons in these lobes process all information related to vision
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The Cerebrum
• Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
• Insulas – deep underneath lateral fissures; neurons in these lobes are
currently thought to be involved in functions related to taste and viscera
(internal organs)
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Gray Matter: _______________– functionally most complex part of
cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres
• Most of cerebral cortex is neocortex (most recently evolved region of brain);
has a huge surface area
• Composed of 6 layers (of neurons and neuroglia) of variable widths (Figure
12.5)
• All neurons in cortex are interneurons
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex – functionally most complex part of
cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres
• Most of cerebral cortex is neocortex (most recently evolved region of brain);
has a huge surface area
• Composed of 6 layers (of neurons and neuroglia) of variable widths (Figure
12.5)
• All neurons in cortex are interneurons
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued):
• Functions of neocortex revolve around conscious processes such as planning
movement, interpreting incoming sensory information, and complex higher
functions
• Neocortex is divided into three areas:
_____________,_________________,_______________
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued):
• Functions of neocortex revolve around conscious processes such as planning
movement, interpreting incoming sensory information, and complex higher
functions
• Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory
cortices, and association areas (next slide)
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued):
• Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory
cortices, and association areas (continued):
• _______________– plans and executes movement
• ___________________– first regions to receive and process sensory input
• __________________integrate different types of information:
• ________ areas integrate one specific type of information
• ________ areas integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many
higher mental functions
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued):
• Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory
cortices, and association areas (continued):
• Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement
• Primary sensory cortices – first regions to receive and process sensory input
• Association areas integrate different types of information:
• Unimodal areas integrate one specific type of information
• Multimodal areas integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many
higher mental functions
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Figure 12.5 Structure of the cerebral
cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view).
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
_____________– most are located in _______ lobe; contain upper
motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons
(not skeletal muscle)
• _______________; involved in conscious planning of movement;
located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
• Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor
activity of opposite side of body via PNS neurons called _______
motor neurons; execute order to move
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Motor areas – most are located in frontal lobe; contain upper motor
neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not
skeletal muscle)
• Primary motor cortex; involved in conscious planning of movement;
located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
• Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor
activity of opposite side of body via PNS neurons called lower motor
neurons; execute order to move
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as
large ____________located anterior to primary motor cortex
• Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning,
guidance, coordination, and execution of movement
• Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one on each side
of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye
movements as in reading
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as
large premotor cortex located anterior to primary motor cortex
• Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning,
guidance, coordination, and execution of movement
• Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one on each side
of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye
movements as in reading
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices
• Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic
senses; information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure,
stretch, and joint position
• _______________(S1) – in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
• ______________(S2) – posterior to S1
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices
• Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic
senses; information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure,
stretch, and joint position
• Primary somatosensory area (S1) – in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
• Somatosensory association cortex (S2) – posterior to S1
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
• Special senses – touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a
primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium
(balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe
• _______________-– at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive
visual input; transferred to visual association area which processes color,
object movement, and depth
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
• Special senses – touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a
primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium
(balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe
• Primary visual cortex – at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive
visual input; transferred to visual association area which processes color,
object movement, and depth
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
• Special senses (continued):
• Primary auditory cortex – in superior _________ lobe; first to receive
auditory information; input is transferred to nearby auditory ________ cortex
and other multimodal association areas for further processing
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
• Special senses (continued):
• Primary auditory cortex – in superior temporal lobe; first to receive auditory
information; input is transferred to nearby auditory association cortex and
other multimodal association areas for further processing
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
• Special senses (continued):
• _________ cortex – taste information processing; scattered throughout both
insula and parietal lobes
• Vestibular areas – deal with _________ and positional sensations; located in
parietal and temporal lobes
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
• Special senses (continued):
• Gustatory cortex – taste information processing; scattered throughout both
insula and parietal lobes
• Vestibular areas – deal with equilibrium and positional sensations; located in
parietal and temporal lobes
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
• Special senses (continued):
• _______ cortex – processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of
brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
• Special senses (continued):
• Olfactory cortex – processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of
brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Figure 12.5 Structure of the cerebral
cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view).
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas – regions of cortex that allow us to
perform complex mental functions:
• Language – processed in two areas of cortex:
• _____________area – in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area
responsible for ability to produce speech sounds
• ____________ area (integrative speech area) – in temporal and parietal
lobes; responsible for ability to understand language
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas – regions of cortex that allow us to
perform complex mental functions:
• Language – processed in two areas of cortex:
• Broca’s area – in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area responsible for
ability to produce speech sounds
• Wernicke’s area (integrative speech area) – in temporal and parietal lobes;
responsible for ability to understand language
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas (continued):
• ____________ cortex occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates
with diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and
association areas located in other lobes; many functions including
modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an
individual’s personality state
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas (continued):
• Prefrontal cortex occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates with
diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and association
areas located in other lobes; many functions including modulating
behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s
personality state
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas (continued):
• ________ and ____________ association areas – occupy most of
their respective lobes; perform multiple functions including
integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention,
recognition, and spatial awareness
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas (continued):
• Parietal and temporal association areas – occupy most of their
respective lobes; perform multiple functions including integration of
sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition,
and spatial awareness
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of
neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from
diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule;
includes (Figure 12.6):
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of
neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from
diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule;
includes (Figure 12.6):
• Caudate nuclei
• Putamen
• Globus pallidus
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Basal nuclei (continued):
• ____________ – C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of
each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail
• _________ – posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate
nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate
are sometimes called ________________
• ______________-sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers
than other regions
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
• Basal nuclei (continued):
• Caudate nuclei – C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of
each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail
• Putamen – posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate
nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate
are sometimes called corpus striatum
• Globus pallidus sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers than
other regions
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The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Figure 12.6 Structure of the basal nuclei
(anterolateral view).
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The Cerebrum-White Matter
• Cerebral white matter can be classified as one of three types
(Figure 12.7):
• ______________– connect right and left hemispheres; corpus
callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle
of brain at base of longitudinal fissure
• _____________ – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere
with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain,
and spinal cord; corona radiata are fibers that spread out in a
radiating pattern; condense around diencephalon to form two
V-shaped bands called internal capsules
• ______________– restricted to a single hemisphere; connect
gray matter of cortical gyri with one another
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The Cerebrum-White Matter
• Cerebral white matter can be classified as one of three types
(Figure 12.7):
• Commissural fibers – connect right and left hemispheres;
corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in
middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure
• Projection fibers – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere
with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain,
and spinal cord; corona radiata are fibers that spread out in a
radiating pattern; condense around diencephalon to form two
V-shaped bands called internal capsules
• Association fibers – restricted to a single hemisphere;
connect gray matter of cortical gyri with one another
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The Cerebrum-White Matter
Figure 12.7 Structure of cerebral white
matter.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.