Download questions from - AP Psychology: 6(A)

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Chapter 1
In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes means
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A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is most
interested in the goal of
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Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine to what kind of job those employees might be best
suited are interested in the goal of
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Which early theorist developed his perspective on psychology by basing it on Darwin’s “survival of the fittest”
doctrine?
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“The whole is greater than the sum of the parts” is a statement associated with the perspective of
6. ______
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was (were) the focus of Watson’s behaviorism.
Who is most associated with the technique of introspection?
8. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?
9. Jenna suffers from a nervous tic of washing her hands repeatedly and being unable to resist washing them again and
again. Which perspective would explain Jenna’s hand-washing behavior as a result of repressed conflicts?
10. Which perspective looks at perception, learning, and memory?
11. Which perspective assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions because it served a useful
function in preserving the species?
12. Which of the following professionals in psychology has the broadest area of interests and functions?
13. A person who has suffered a major stroke and is now experiencing severe personality problems because of the
damage would best be advised to see a
14. The field of ___________________ statistics provides a way to organize and summarize numbers to better understand
them.
15. In the scientific method, forming an educated guess is called…
16. The main advantage of laboratory observation is…
17. Harlan wanted to write realistically about street gangs, so he pretended to be a teenager and joined a real gang. This
is most similar to the method of…
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18. The main advantage of a case study is
19. The entire group that a researcher is interested in is called a
20. Professor Jones surveyed her six classes and found that students who slept less than five hours the night before the
exam received lower exam scores than those students who slept seven hours or more. What kind of correlation is this
relationship between hours of sleep and scores?
21. Drinking orange juice is negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this information, which of the
following statements is TRUE?
22. A researcher designs an experiment to test the effects of playing video games on memory. What would be the
dependent variable?
23. In that same experiment, the experimental group would
24. In Dr. Amabile’s experiment dealing with the effect of rewards on creativity in art, what was the independent
variable?
25. In a ______ study, only the experimenter knows who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group.
26. Double-blind studies control for
27. Dr. Silverberg designed a study in which she tests infants for memory ability. Before she can begin her study, she
must obtain
28. The statistic r= -.9 would show a...
29. A recent research study asked subjects to rate a new ice cream flavor on a score of 1 to 10. Most people gave the
flavor a score of 5, meaning they didn’t have strong likes or dislikes. A few people hated the flavor, and a few people
loved it. What type of polygon will this data produce?
30. A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or to problems in the
physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality?
31. Term paper grades for Ms. Chou’s English Literature class were negatively skewed. Out of these common scores on
the papers, what grade did most students in the class get on the paper?
32. A study can be regarded as scientific only if
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33. In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be
34. The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically
represented as a
35. An instructor conducted an experiment to determine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount
students learned in introductory physics. The results showed that the average amount learned by the group using one
method was greater than the average amount learned by the group using the other. However, the difference was not
statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn?
36. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?
37. Which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable?
38. The study completed in #24 found p<.05. This told researchers that…
39. The first step in any scientific investigation is _______________.
40. What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly?
41. Which of the following is NOT a frequency distribution type?
42. The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if arrangement of chairs affects student participation in
classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure
this relationship?
43. Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect?
44. Unintended changes in participants’ behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter are called
_________________.
45. Which of the following statements concerning the use of animals in research is correct?
46. Ken is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Ken does not
account for variables such as age that could also influence one’s ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n)
__________________.
47. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive” using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a
gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding
rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver’s seat.
Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups
have. In this study, the group that gets the cigarette without nicotine is _____________________.
48. The editors of Scientific American are able to obtain a representative sample of their readers in order to assess their
attitudes toward preservation of the rain forests in Costa Rica. When interpreting the results of their survey, the editors
will be able to ______________.
49. In a test with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10, which score is two standard deviations above the mean?
50. Freud said phobias were ____________ whereas Watson said phobias were __________.
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Chapter 2
1. Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body?
2. The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the
3. Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron?
4. Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through
metabolism of glucose?
5. Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear?
6. The section of the brain that relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex.
7. Which gland of the endocrine system controls the activity of other glands?
8. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system most frequently results in which of the following?
9. In an emergency situation, the adrenal glands secrete hormones that cause all of the following EXCEPT
10. Which of the following is a gland that is most directly related to human sex drive?
11. The nervous system is defined as__________.
12. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the __________ and __________.
13. The branch of life sciences which involves the structure and function of the brain and nervous system, while also
focusing on the relationship between learning and behavior, is called
14. A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system is called a
__________.
15. _______ receive messages from other neurons and _______ send messages to other neurons.
16. Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction.
Which of the following sequences will you offer?
17. A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a __________.
18. Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?
19. __________ plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles to contract.
20. Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite?
21. Pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called __________.
22. Reuptake is__________.
23. The type of synapse (or neurotransmitter) that causes the receiving cell to stop firing is referred to as _____________.
24. The long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain and is responsible for very fast,
lifesaving reflexes is called the __________.
25. LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object. Which of the following
are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha’s foot, resulting in her pulling her foot away from the
piece of glass?
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26. Neurons found in the center of the spinal cord that receive information from the sensory neurons and send commands
to the muscles through the motor neurons are called __________.
27. Cameron touches a hot iron and immediately pulls his hand away. His quick response occurs because __________.
28. Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was
that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy; he
can now speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain’s __________, which allowed the structure
and function of his brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma.
29. The division of the nervous system that allows the brain and the spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems
of the eyes, ears, skin, and mouth, and allows the brain and spinal cord to control the muscles and glands of the body is
called the __________.
30. The peripheral nervous system consists of the __________ and the __________ nervous systems.
31. Voluntary muscles are controlled by the __________ nervous system.
32. The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is
called the __________ nervous system.
33. The __________ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for life-sustaining functions, such as breathing and heart
rate. It’s also where the nerves from the left side of the body cross over into the right side of the brain, and vice versa
34. The __________, located on the top of the kidneys, secrete(s) hormones that regulate salt intake, control stress
reactions, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence.
35. The __________ is a structure in the brain stem that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and plays a role in
sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal.
36. Which of the following is responsible for the ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in one’s
surroundings and become alert to changes?
37. Which of the following is a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning,
emotion, memory, and motivation?
38. Which part of the brain is very small but extremely powerful in motivational behavior (sleep, hunger, thirst) and
controls the pituitary gland?
39. The cortex is divided into two sections referred to as __________.
40. Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and
contains the visual centers of the brain?
41. The__________ lobes are located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere, containing the centers for touch,
body position, and temperature.
42. The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and
meaningful speech, is called the __________.
43. If a split-brain operation was completed on a typical person (such as those done by Dr. Michael Gazzaniga) which of
the following would be true?
44. The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is ______ area.
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45. The area at the back of the temporal lobe that is crucial in the ability to listen, process, and understand what others are
saying is __________ area.
46. Researcher Roger Sperry won a Nobel prize for his research on epilepsy. Sperry cut through the __________, which
joins the two hemispheres of the brain.
47. Which of the following is a function of the right hemisphere?
48. Prozac, a drug, works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin. Because of this, serotonin is more likely to connect with
the receptor sites. Which of the following is true?
49. Endocrine glands __________.
50. The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside the cell is referred
to as the __________.
Chapter 3
1. The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its
2. Balance is influenced by the
3. Analyzing smaller features and building up to a complete perception is called ________________.
4. As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not
perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of
5. The reversible figure to the right illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of
6. Which of the following is true about rods and cones?
7. After constant exposure to a stimulus, our nerve cells fire less frequently. This can be explained by which of the
following?
8. Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called __________.
9. ___________ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory
organs.
10. The lowest stimulus intensity required for detection is the __________ and the smallest noticeable difference between
a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus value is the __________.
11. Some people believe that __________ are messages that can be sent to consumers, prompting them to buy a product
without their being aware of receiving such messages.
12. Our eyes don’t adapt completely to a repeated visual stimulus because __________.
13. People’s tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them
is called _____________.
14. The fact that, when we look at an object, each one of our two eyes receives a slightly different image of the object, is
known as __________.
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15. The visible spectrum refers to the __________.
16. The colored part of the eye that contains muscles to contract or expand the pupil is the __________.
17. In relation to Weber’s Law, which of the following is not true?
18. The change in the shape of the lens in order to focus on a visual image is known as __________.
19. Which component of the eye contains the visual receptors?
20. Which of the following sequences correctly indicates the pathway of nerve impulses on their way from the eye to the
brain?
21. It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because __________.
22. The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the __________ theory, which
was proposed by Helmholtz.
23. If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image
of the object. This phenomenon of afterimage BEST supports the __________ theory of color vision.
24. The trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision are not in conflict because each corresponds to
__________.
25. A person with red–green color blindness will see the world in __________.
26. Sound waves are simply __________.
27. Nerve hearing impairment can be best treated with __________.
28. The tympanic membranne is also called the __________.
29. What are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup?
30. Fluid located in the cochlea is set in motion and causes vibration in the __________.
31. Which of the following are the auditory receptors where sound waves finally become neural impulses?
32. The place theory of pitch suggests that pitch is determined by the __________.
33. If a person hears a tone of 3000 Hz, three groups of neurons take turns sending the message to the brain—the first
group for the first 1000 Hz, the second group for the next 1000 Hz, and a third for the next 1000 Hz. This principle is
known as the __________.
34. Conduction hearing impairment refers to hearing problems that originate in the __________.
35. The olfactory sense is unique from the other senses since the stimulus travels from receptors directly to the
__________ and bypasses the ______________.
36. Where are the taste buds located?
37. What are the five primary tastes?
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38. Each olfactory receptor cell has a half dozen to a dozen little hairs that project out. These are called __________.
39. The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds in that they __________.
40. There is (are) __________ somesthetic sense system(s).
41. Which is the best description of the kinesthetic sense?
42. Which is the best description of the skin senses?
43. Even though a motion picture actually consists of a series of still frames, we perceive them conveying continuous
movement. This is an example of __________.
44. The gate-control theory of pain suggests that __________.
45. Psychological aspects of pain perception can influence the release of the neurotransmitters called __________, the
body’s natural version of morphine.
46. Dizziness, nausea, and disorientation may result if the information from the eyes conflicts a little too much with that
from the vestibular organs, according to the __________ of motion sickness.
47. Contiguity is the tendency to perceive __________.
48. The Müller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are ___________.
49. In Gibson and Walk’s “visual cliff” experiment, the younger infants were interested, but not afraid, while older infants
indicated fear. This suggests that __________.
50. The distance cue in which two parallel lines extend into the distance and seem to come together at one point is called
__________.
Chapter 4
1. Sleep spindles appear during __________ sleep.
2. The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred
to as
3. An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being
attained in the past. This individual is showing
4. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with which of the following:
5. Which of the following is true of individuals who experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they abruptly stop
using a drug that they have been taking for a long time?
6. Ben normally sleeps from 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. In which of the following time periods would he experience the
LEAST amount of REM sleep?
7. What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?
8. The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called __________.
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9. What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis?
10. What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?
11. The sleep–wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the __________.
12. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?
13. __________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.
14. According to this theory, sleep is a product of evolution.
15. According to this theory, sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body.
16. What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1–4 of sleep?
17. Just as you fall asleep, you report a vivid visual event and quickly wake up. What term do psychologists use for such
phenomena?
18. Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every __________
minutes or so.
19. Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in the deepest stage of sleep less than an hour
after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?
20. Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT __________.
21. Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is
experiencing the __________ stage of the sleep cycle.
22. REM behavior disorder results from __________.
23. A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is __________.
24. A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called
__________.
25. Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground.
Your friend is probably suffering from __________.
26. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that __________.
27. Interpretation of the __________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the __________ content.
28. How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming?
29. The activation-information-mode model suggests __________.
30. Calvin Hall found that most dreams are about __________.
31. The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to __________.
32. Which of the following statements is correct concerning hypnosis?
33. Which of the following statements is correct concerning what hypnosis can do?
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34. How does Ernest Hilgard explain hypnosis in the “hidden observer” theory?
35. Psychoactive drugs are __________.
36. After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking the drug. He begins to experience a variety of
physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is
used to describe what Bruce is experiencing?
37. Ward notices that as his supply of marijuana decreases, he starts thinking more and more about where he can get
another supply, as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of __________.
38. Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called __________.
39. Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all __________.
40. Which of the following could be classified as an amphetamine and a hallucinogen?
41. When driving a vehicle and texting on your phone happen simultaneously, you experience a divided consciousness.
You are more likely to get into an accident since your driving isn’t the __________ that it should be.
42. Which of the following is classified as a depressant?
43. A complete lack of conscious awareness such as when being “knocked-out” or being put under anesthesia is
considered what level of consciousness?
44. If selectively deprived of REM sleep, a person will later experience
45. Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of __________.
46. LSD is similar to which of the following drugs (since they’re both hallucinogens)?
47. Which of the following levels of consciousness are not consider part of “waking” consciousness?
48. Which of the following pairs belong together?
49. According to research on sleep deprivation, a moderate amount of sleep loss __________.
50. Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person’s brain waves?
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