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By Marli Andrew Done when the participant in completely awake and engaged so changes in responses and behavior to certain stimuli may be observed. Involves using a device to stimulate the brain with a weak electrical current by activating or disrupting the normal activity of neurons in a specific brain area, therefore being able to identify functions of certain parts of the brain. There are two types studied: -Electrode stimulation -Transcranial magnetic stimulation In the 1940’s to 1960’s Wilder Penfield (18911976), an American neurosurgeon, used a technique involving inserting into or placing an electrode into a specific area of the brain, this electrode was able to send a precisely regulated electric current to the brain, directly stimulating a specific brain area. These observations found that when certain parts of the brain were stimulated, the body reacted in certain ways without the participant controlling them. For example, when Penfield shifted the electrode to stimulate the primary motor cortex at the rear of the frontal lobe, he found that his patients responded by moving specific body parts. ✔ Largely assisted in the production of ‘mapping’ ✔Provides information about the function and structure of the brain. ✔Gave a lot of useful information to future neurosurgeons and psychiatrists. ✘Highly invasive procedure ✘No longer completely necessary with new technologies ✘Imposes risks that, by today’s ethical standards, would be considered unacceptable ✘There are difficulty's generalizing the results http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiUL7pm4w3A There are two types: -Single pulse TMS or Nonrepetitive TMS -Repetitive TMS (rTMS) A direct brain stimulation technique that involves delivering a magnetic field pulse through the skull, temporarily activating or disrupting the normal activity of neurons in that specific area of the cerebral cortex. The magnetic field used is completely harmless and is transmitted through a small copper electromagnetic coil that is enclosed in plastic and placed next to the scalp. The pulses caused by the electrical current only affects the part of the brain that lies directly below the skull beneath the coil and goes about 2 to 3 centimeters into the brain. It works by activating the neurons and they send a burst of neural impulses (electrical activity) to adjacent neurons, activating them which in turn, activates other neurons. ✔Non-invasive and completely harmless ✘Although rare, TMS carries a risk of inducing seizures ✔Provides information about the function of the brain ✘May cause headaches or discomfort ✔May be used successfully for the treatment of depression ✘Can not be used on individuals with any metal or implanted devices in their body of if they have a history of seizures. ✔Gives the ability to temporarily simulate brain damage. ✘Can only be used for the part of the brain that lies directly below the skull, not parts below the cerebral cortex An EEG is a device that detects, amplifies and records general patterns of electrical activity in the brain. The activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex can be detected outside the skull so small electrodes are attached to the surface of the scalp at the tops and sides of the head, thus picking up the activity. ✔Non-invasive and completely harmless ✔Provides information about the function of the brain ✔Provides genereal information about brain activity ✔Gives the ability to temporarily simulate brain damage. ✔Cost effective ✔Can be used while a participant in completing long, complex tasks ✘Only provides basic information ✘It is difficult to pinpoint the specific part of the brain that is the source of brainwave activity ✘The strength of the electrical activity at its source is reduced after having traveled through the thick structure of the skull Also called Computerized axial tomography (CAT). A neuroimaging technique that produces a computer-enhanced image of a cross section (‘slice’) of the brain from X-rays taken at different angles. The process involves moving an X-ray source in an arc around the head while a computer compiles different ‘snapshots’ of the brain. Can only be performed by a specialist doctor called a radiologist. The participant needs to be injected with a dye that highlights the blood vessels in the brain and assists the radiologist in interpreting the X-rays. ✔Doesn’t involves the use of potentially harmful invasive procedures and rarely has any side affects ✔Useful for indentifying the precise location and extent of damage to or abnormalities in various brain structures or areas ✔Shows brain structure ✔Can be used to identify the size and location of tumors ✘Does not provide information about the activity of the brain ✘Costly