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Transcript
What is the Brain? • Billions of nerve cells What is the Brain? • Thousands of connections where one neuron may interact (communicate) with other neurons. As many as 10,000 connections 40+ neurochemicals ( neurotransmitters) Overarching Principles of Brain function • • • • Hierarchically organized Redundant control Inhibition Automaticity • Conscious vs Unconscious processes NUTS AND BOLTS to get started Planes of orientation Confusing terms (Particularly where the CNS makes its’ 90 degree bend) • Anterior-Posterior/Rostral-Caudal • Dorsal-ventral/ Superior-inferior Dorsal fins The basic unit of the nervous system Myelin gives a whitish appearance because its adipose content Shwann cells myelinate the PNS Oligodendrocytes myelinate the CNS White matter and gray matter reflect organization Staining for myelin in the brain coronal section Myelin Staining in the Spinal cord Horizontal plane Dorsal ventral Organizational schemes always have shortcomings: The PNS can not be truly separated from the CNS To consider the PNS we first must consider the spinal cord The vertebral column Each vertebra houses a spinal cord segment Midsaggital view Each segment is similar: Central gray and surrounding white matter Central gray: Dorsal = sensory Ventral = motor Each segment gives rise to nerve pairs: i.e. The PNS 31 peripheral nerve pairs Each nerve pair contains thousands of incoming and outgoing axons The PNS:All neural tissue outside of the cranium and vertebral column ( with one exception) Major divisions of the PNS motor output to skeletal muscles And somatosensory input The somatic division of the PNS gives rise to segmental organiztion: Dermatomes and myotomes The autonomic division The other subdivision of the PNSthe ANS The sympathetic chain Sympathetic activation may be magnified by adrenal gland Some functional differences between the somatic branch and the ANS THE CNS Exception- The cranial nerves
