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Chapter 10 Medical Terminology and Chapters 8 – 9 Body Structures: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Coordinates and controls all bodily activities with the brain at the center of control When the brain ceases function, the body dies STRUCTURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN SPINAL CORD NERVES SENSORY ORGANS CNS (central) PNS (peripheral) 12 pairs cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves ANS (autonomic) Peripheral nerves Ganglia on either side of the spinal cord NERVES – one or bundles of neuron cells (carrying impulses) connecting brain and spinal cord with body Tract: bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain Ascending: carry impulses toward brain Descending: carry away from brain Ganglion: knotlike mass or group of nerve cells located outside the CNS Plexus: network of intersecting nerves and blood or lymphatic vessels dtc.pima.edu/biology/160alpha/ lesson9/lesson9h.ht Innervation: supply of nerves to body part, stimulation of a body part through action of nerves Receptors: sites in sensory organs that receive external stimulation Send stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation Stimulus: excites or activated nerve causing an impulse Impulse: wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons REFLEXES Automatic, involuntary response to change, inside/outside body Maintenance of heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure = reflex actions Coughing, sneezing, and reactions to painful stimuli are also reflex actions THE NEURONS – THE BASIC CELL OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM test 3 types described according to function (ACE) test Afferent: sensory, emerge from skin, carry impulses toward brain Connecting: carry impulses from one neuron to another Efferent: carry impulses away from brain toward muscles and glands NEURON PARTS Each neuron contains a cell body, several dendrites, a single axon, and terminal end fibers Dendrites: receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body Axon: extends away from the cell body, conducts impulses away from the nerve cell Some but not all axons protected by myelin Terminal end fibers: lead the nervous impulse away from the axon and toward the synapse Synapse: space between two neurons or between a neuron and receptor organ dendrites Synaptic pathway axon terminal end fibers NEUROTRANSMITTERS Chemical messengers that transmits messages between nerve cells allowing a nerve impulse to jump across the synapse from one neuron to another www.patientcenters.com/autism/ news/neurology.html MYELIN SHEATH PROTECTIVE COVERING OVER SOME NERVE CELLS Spinal Cord White Matter of the Brain White color of myelinated nerve fibers Most Peripheral Nerves Gray Matter: non-myelinated nerves of the brain and spinal cord nucleus dendrite axon Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Cell body THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Meninges Dura Mater Arachnoid Membrane Pia Mater Cerebrospinal Fluid The Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres Lobes Ventricles The Thalamus The Hypothalamus The Cerebellum The Brainstem The Midbrain The Pons The Medulla Oblongata The Spinal Cord www.lougehrigsdisease.net/ als_pages/neurolog.htm training.seer.cancer.gov/ module anatomy/unit5... MENINGES 3 Layers of connective tissue that enclose brain and spinal cord Dura Mater – outermost membrane Arachnoid Membrane – second layer, loosely attached to allow flow of fluid between layers Pia Mater – third layer, located closest to brain and spinal cord, rich in supply of blood vessels Subarachnoid space: below arachnoid membrane, above pia mater – contains cerebrospinal fluid Epidural space: above the dura mater – within surrounding bone walls – cushions Dura Mater Subdural space: below the dura membrane – above the arachnoid membrane CEREBRUM – cerebral: pertaining to cerebrum or brain Largest/uppermost portion of the brain Responsible for all thought, judgment, memory, association, and discrimination Cerebral Cortex: made up of gray matter, the outermost layer of the cerebrum CEREBRAL LOBES Frontal – controls motor functions Parietal – receives and interprets nerve impulses from the sensory receptors Occipital – controls eyesight Temporal Lobe – controls senses of hearing and smell THALAMUS – produces sensations by relaying impulses to/from the cerebral cortex and the sense organs of the body Hypothalamus: 7 regulatory functions Controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and digestive tract activity by regulating autonomic nervous system Regulates emotional responses and behavior Regulates body temperature Regulates food intake by controlling hunger sensations Regulates water balance and thirst Regulates sleep-wake cycles Regulates endocrine system activity CEREBELLUM Second largest part of the brain Receives incoming messages regarding movement within joints, muscle tone, and positions of the body From here messages are distributed to corresponding parts of the brain that controls skeletal muscles THE BRAINSTEM – connects cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord The Midbrain – extends from the lower surface of the cerebrum to the pons – provides conduction pathways to and from higher and lower centers The Pons – at the base of the brain Nerve cells cross from one side of the brain to control the opposite side of the body (injuries) The Medulla Oblongata – located at the lowest part of the brainstem Controls basic life functions including the muscles of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure THE SPINAL CORD – pathway for impulses going to and from the brain Contains all the nerves that affect the limbs and lower part of the body Protected by CSF and meninges Grey Matter = internal section White Matter = outer portion of the spinal cord www.bmb.psu.edu/.../bisci004a/ nerve/nerveb4.htm THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - PNS Consists of: Cranial nerves: 12 pairs originating from under the brain Each nerve of a pair serves half the body Both nerves in a pair are identical in function Identified by Roman numerals names for the area or function they serve Spinal nerves: 31 pairs Usually named for the artery they accompany or the body part they innervate Femoral nerve innervates muscles associated with the femur aer2.sbc.edu.hk/~bio/ THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - ANS Controls involuntary actions of the body 2 divisions: function to maintain homeostasis Sympathetic: prepares body for emergency and stressful situations Parasympathetic: returns body to normal after a stressful response MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Anesthesiologist Neurologist Neurosurgeon Psychiatrist Psychologist PATHOLOGY OF THE Head and Meninges NERVOUS SYSTEM Cephalalgia: headache Migraine Headache Encephalocele Hydrocephalus: increase amount of CSF Meningocele: protrusion of membranes through a defect in the skull or spinal column Meningitis www.enh.org/surgery/ 100128.asp DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN Alzheimer’s disease: associated with degenerative changes in the brain structures Cognition: mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory Encephalitis Parkinson’s disease Tetanus Amnesia: disturbance in the memory marked by total or partial inability to recall past experiences – cause BI, illness, or psychological disturbances Concussion: violent shaking up or jarring of the brain Cerebral Contusion: bruising of brain tissue as result of BI Cranial Hematomas: collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain BRAIN INJURIES ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Conscious: alert Syncope (SIN-koh-pee): also known as fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain. Lethargy: lowered level of consciousness, listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy Coma Delirium: associated with high fever, sudden onset where patient is confused, disoriented, and unable to think clearly Dementia: slow, progressive decline in mental abilities including memory, thinking, judgment, and the ability to pay attention STROKES – (CVA) damage to the brain that occurs when blood flow is disrupted due to vessel blockage or rupture Ischemic Attacks TIA: temporary interruption in blood supply to brain, weakness, dizziness, or loss of balance Ischemic stroke: blood flow is blocked, affecting the cerebrum and damaging the controls of movement, language, and senses Aphasia: inability to speak, write, or comprehend written or spoken word Hemorrhagic Stroke – bleed – leak or rupture of blood vessel in brain www.providence.org/swsa/Services/ e60Neurology.htm www.providence.org/swsa/Services/ e60Neurology.htm SLEEP DISORDERS Insomnia: abnormal inability to sleep Narcolepsy: recurrent uncontrollable seizures of drowsiness and sleep www.cartoonstock.com/.../ napping_at_the_desk.asp www.tipsofallsorts.com/ narcolepsy.html SPINAL CORD Myelitis: inflammation of the spinal cord Myelosis: tumor of spinal cord Multiple sclerosis Poliomyelitis Post polio syndrome Radiculitis: pinched nerve, inflammation of root of spinal nerve Spinal cord injuries CONVULSIONS AND SEIZURES – sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles caused by a disturbance in brain function Generalized tonic-clonic seizure: Tonic convulsion: continuous muscular contraction resulting in rigidity and violent spasms Clonic convulsion: alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles resulting in jerking movements of the face, trunk, or extremities Localized seizure: partial EPILEPSY Grand Mal Epilepsy: most severe form Petit Mal Epilepsy: milder form, sudden, temporary loss of consciousness, lasting only a few seconds, they may not involve convulsive movements, and may not be noticed Epileptic aura: experienced just before seizure, light or smell MENTAL HEALTH Developmental Disorders Substance-Abuse Disorders Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders Mood Disorders Panic Disorders Anxiety Disorders Phobias Somatoform Disorders Impulse-Control Disorders Personality Disorders DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CT – CAT Scan Echoencephalography Electroencephalography Encephalography Myelography: radiographic study of spinal cord LOC: level of consciousness Echo encephalography myelography Electrical encephalography Ct scan TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Medications to Treat Mental Disorders Pain Control Sedative and Hypnotic Medications Anesthesia Brain and Head Nerves