Download Endocrine System

Chapter 6
Body & Behavior
Section 1
The Nervous System
The Organization of the
Nervous System
Nervous system
Peripheral nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous system
Sympathetic
nervous system
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Somatic
nervous system
Parasympathetic
nervous system
Two Divisions of the Nervous System
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
– Made up of the brain and spinal cord.
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
– Nerves branching out from the
spinal cord.
Two Divisions of the PNS
• Somatic NS – controls voluntary behaviors
• Autonomic NS – controls involuntary
behaviors
– Sympathetic – “fight or flight”
– Parasympathetic – “rest and digest”
The Neural Impulse
Synapse
- The gap between
neurons.
Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters
– Chemical
messengers that
relay neural
messages across
the synapse.
ANIMATION
3 Types of Neurons:
-Sensory (afferent) neurons - carry
messages from sense receptors
towards the brain.
-Motor (efferent) neurons - carry
messages from brain toward muscles
and glands.
-Interneurons - carry messages
between nerve cells.
Section 2
Studying the Brain
3 Parts of the Brain:
1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain
Forebrain
• A part of the brain that covers
the brain’s central
core.
Includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Forebrain
Thalamus
– Integrates sensory input; relay station for all the information
that travels to and from the brain.
Hypothalamus
– Controls functions such as hunger, thirst, and sexual
behavior; also controls temperature.
Cerebral cortex
– Outer layer of the forebrain; gives you the ability to learn and
store complex and abstract information.
Forebrain
Cerebrum
– Inner layer of the forebrain.
Limbic system
– Various structures in the brain that regulate our emotions
and motivations (includes: amygdala, hippocampus)
Midbrain
• A small part of the brain above the
pons that integrates sensory
information and relays it upward.
RAS:
• Alerts the rest of the brain
to incoming signals and
is involved in the
sleep/wake cycle.
Hindbrain
• Located at the rear base of the
skull; involved in the basic
processes of life.
Includes:
• Cerebellum
• Medulla
• Pons
Hindbrain
Cerebellum
– Helps control posture, balance, and voluntary
movements.
Medulla
– Controls breathing, heart rate, and other reflexes.
Pons
– Produces chemicals the body
needs for sleep.
Parts of the Brain
•
•
•
•
•
Thalamus
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
Brain stem
The 4 Lobes:
Frontal lobe
(organization, planning,
creative thinking)
Parietal lobe
(touch sensations)
Occipital lobe
(visual signals)
Temporal lobe
(hearing, speaking)
Left v Right Hemisphere
Split-Brain Operations
• A treatment option for
those suffering from
grand mal seizures.
Video
– Separating the brain
hemispheres by severing the
corpus callosum lessons the
number and severity of
seizures.
Mr. Split-Brainy
How do we study the BRAIN?
1. Recording (EEG)
2. Stimulation
3. Lesions
4. Accidents
- Phineas Gage
5. Images
(CAT, PET, MRI)
Recording
• Electroencephalograph (EEG):
– A machine used to record electrical activity in
the brain.
Stimulation
• Wilder Penfield stimulated the brains of his
patients during surgery to determine what
functions the various
parts of the brain
perform.
– He was able to localize
the malfunctioning
parts of the brain.
Lesions
• Lesions: cutting or destroying parts of the
brain.
• If the animal behaves
differently after the
operation, we can assume
the destroyed brain area
is involved with that
type of behavior.
Accidents
• Psychologists can learn about the brain
when people are involved in accidents.
• Psychologists try to
draw a connection
between the damaged
parts of the brain and
a person’s behavior.
Accidents – Phineas Gage
• His frontal lobe was damaged,
which caused his personality to
change*
• He became short-tempered
and said inappropriate things.
• Therefore, damage to the
frontal lobe prevents
censoring of thoughts and ideas.
Images
• CAT (computerized axial tomography)
– Used to pinpoint injuries in the brain.
• PET (positron emission tomography)
– Used to see which brain areas are being
activated while performing tasks.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
– Used to study brain structures.
Section 3
The Endocrine System
(the body’s chemical messenger system)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Endocrine System - Glands
• Pituitary gland
– Control center of the
endocrine system that
secretes a large number
of hormones.
• Known as the master
gland.
• Produces growth
hormones.
Video Clip - Gigantism
Endocrine System - Glands
• Thyroid gland
– Produces the hormone
thyroxin.
– Hypothyroidism – makes
people feel lazy and
lethargic.
– Hyperthyroidism – causes
people to lose weight and
be overactive.
Endocrine System - Glands
• Adrenal glands
– Release adrenaline into the bloodstream.
• Causes heart rate and breathing to increase
• Heightens emotions (fear, anxiety)
Endocrine System - Glands
Sex glands:
– Ovaries
• Produce eggs and the
female hormones
estrogen and
progesterone.
– Testes
• Produce sperm and
the male sex hormone
testosterone.
Hormones vs Neurotransmitters
• Endocrine System
– Glands release
hormones into the
bloodstream.
• Nervous System
– Neurons release
neurotransmitters to
either excite or inhibit
other neurons.
Section 4
Heredity &
Environment
Heredity
• The genetic transmission of
characteristics from parents to their
offspring.
Nature v Nurture
Nature
– The characteristics a
person inherits
– Biological makeup
– GENETICS
Sir Francis Galton
• Nurture
– ENVIRONMENT
– Family, culture,
education, and
individual
differences
John Watson
Genes – the basic building blocks
of heredity.
Twin Studies
• Identical twins
– Come from ONE fertilized egg; also called
monozygotic twins.
• Fraternal twins
– Come from TWO different eggs
fertilized by two different sperm;
also called dizygotic twins.
WHY STUDY TWINS???
End of Chapter 6