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TEST THE FOURTH:
The Excretory
and
Nervous Systems
The danger to society is not merely that it should believe wrong things, though
that is great enough; but that it should become credulous, and lose the habit of
testing things and inquiring into them; for then it must sink back into savagery.
William Kingdon Clifford
The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.
Aristotle
Experience is the name so many people give to their mistakes.
Oscar Wilde
Tuesday, March 27th, 2007
Name _________________________________________ Date ___________________ Period _________
Directions: This test is designed to let your teacher know how much information you have learned
over the past few weeks, and to allow you to gauge this as well. Remember to think about your notes and all
the examples, labs and demonstrations that we’ve done in class. Read each question carefully and
completely before making your response, and make sure that whatever you write answers every part of the
question. For free-response questions, use the space provided for your answer. For multiple-choice
questions, write the letter of your choice on the line at the right side of the page. Do not leave any blank
questions or naked numbers. Blank questions will be marked off at double the rate of a wrong answer.
Relax, good luck, and enjoy!
0. One shovels with a shovel, rakes with a rake…why not broom with a broom?
1. Diffusion is
A. A whole lotta nonsense.
B. Slow.
C. The process that allows a fish’s heart to work well.
D. Difficult, annoying, and stupid, just like biology (do NOT pick this answer).
_________
2. Completely explain what would happen to the water in beaker pictured below.
salt
3. Identify and explain two reasons why amoebae can excrete ammonia and humans cannot.
(write
the word)
(tell me about
the word)
4. What is the functional unit of the mammalian kidney?
A. Nephron
B. Neuron
C. Nephridium
D. Nee, The Knights who say
5. Why does having glucose in the urine indicate health problems?
_________
6. All organisms that live on land must try and conserve this substance
A. Money
B. Water
C. ATP
D. Filtrate
_________
7. Identify and explain the two “C’s” that any good excretory system should do.
(write
the word)
(tell me about
the word)
8. Why is the medulla of the kidney so salty?
9. Fill in the chart below using the words on the left. Each word may be used only once.
Urea
Glucose
Protein
Water
Nutrients
Blood Cells
Lipids
Salt
Should not be excreted
Should be excreted
10. What would happen to a human’s urine if the medulla of the kidney was unable to maintain its high salt
concentration?
11. What is the purpose of the Bowman’s Capsule?
A. To make sure that no blood gets into the bladder.
B. To keep the glomerulus from drying out.
C. To capture filtrate from the glomerulus.
D. To collect urine from the convoluted tubules.
_________
12. What is one thing that very dark and cloudy urine could indicate in a human?
13. An action potential involves the movement of what two ions?
A. Na+ and K+ B. Ag+ and AuC. Hg+ and CD. C+ and O-
_________
14. An electrical concentration gradient can be called
A. Charge
B. Weber’s Constant
C. Voltage
_________
D. Diffusion
15. Why is afterhyperpolarization, or undershoot, so very important to a neuron?
16. Many tasks in the body are taken care of by the unconscious part of the brain, so that the brain’s owner
doesn’t have to think about them. These tasks are performed by the
A. Cerebrum
B. Malpighian tubule
C. Cortex
D. Cerebellum
_________
17. Name three tasks that might be performed by the structure identified in question 16.
18. Why can an myelinated nerve transmit a signal so much faster than an unmyelinated nerve?
19. The sodium-potassium pump that is located on the cell membrane of all nerve cells creates two kinds of
A. fusion
B. concentration gradients
C. ions
D. hepatic portal cells
_________
20. A neurotransmitter is used to transmit a signal across
A. the gap of Shockley
B. the synapse
C. many different cell types
D. neurons
21. When neurotransmitters are not being used, they are stored in specialized structures called
A. synaptic vesicles
B. Bowman’s capsules
C. galvanized vacuoles
D. neurobags
_________
_________
22. Fill in the blank sections of this reflex arc, and give examples where indicated.
Sensory Neuron  ___________________  Spinal Cord  Efferent Neuron  _________________
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Example
1.
23. Many chemicals, such as morphine, mimic a chemical that already exists in the body. What do you
think might happen to the levels of the chemical that morphine mimics if a person abuses morphine?
24. Which components are part of the central nervous system?
A. Brain and kidneys
C. Brain stem and sensory neurons
B. Spinal cord and brain
D. Neurons and axons
_________
25. Of the choices below, what does the nervous system not control?
A. Breathing and heart rate
B. Movement and digestion
C. Leafs falling from trees and growth
D. Running and walking
26. The nervous system is a vast system of neurons that controls many processes in the body of an
organism. Indeed, even excretion is controlled by the nervous system. In the space below, USING AT
LEAST TWO, WELL-WRITTEN PARAGRAPHS, explain the following points. You do not need to
explain them in the order in which they are listed.
I. The bladder must sense when it is full. What kind of sensory neuron do you think it uses?
II. The kidney must also keep track of how salty its medulla is. What kind of sensory neuron do you think it
uses for this task?
III. When the bladder is full, a signal must be sent to the bladder’s owner so he or she knows to empty it.
However, humans can choose to ignore this signal. What part of the brain does the thought TO IGNORE
THE SIGNAL come from?
IV. Why is excretion so tightly controlled by the nervous system? What is so important about it that merits
such control? (hint: think about what the kidney filters out or doesn’t filter out)