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Psychology 304: Brain and Behaviour Lecture 28 1 The Auditory System 1. What is the structure of the ear and where are the receptors for sound? (continued) 2. How is information about sound relayed to the brain? 3. What are the major areas of the brain that are associated with the perception of sound? 4. What is the neurological basis of deafness? 2 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. describe the structural and functional features of the inner ear. 2. review the pathway by which auditory information is transmitted from receptors to the brain. 3. describe the duplex theory of sound localization. 3 4. identify the locations and functions of the primary cortex, secondary cortex, and association areas for the auditory system. 5. discuss the three primary causes of deafness. 4 What is the structure of the ear and where are the receptors for sound? (continued) • The vibrations of the cochlear fluid are ultimately dissipated by the round window. • When hair cells are stimulated, action potentials are triggered that pass down axons of the auditory nerve—a branch of cranial nerve VIII. 5 The Structure of the Ear 6 How is information about sound relayed to the brain? • Sound information is relayed to the brain via a network of auditory pathways. 7 Pathways of the Auditory System 8 Duplex Theory of Sound Localization 9 What are the major areas of the brain that are associated with the perception of sound? • The majority of thalamic neurons that receive sound information subsequently project the information to the primary auditory cortex. Thereafter, information is projected to the secondary auditory cortex (SII) and association areas. 10 Auditory Areas of the Brain 11 • Current theory suggests two large areas of auditory association cortex: the prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. • The anterior auditory pathway leading to the prefrontal cortex is thought to be involved in identifying sounds (“what”); the posterior auditory pathway is thought to be involved in locating sounds (“where”). 12 Pathways to Auditory Association Cortex 13 What is the neurological basis of deafness? • Although impaired hearing is a common human disability, complete deafness is rare. • There are three common classes of hearing impairments: conductive deafness (outer or middle ear damage), sensorineural deafness (inner ear damage), and central deafness (cortical damage). 14 The Auditory System 1. What is the structure of the ear and where are the receptors for sound? (continued) 2. How is information about sound relayed to the brain? 3. What are the major areas of the brain that are associated with the perception of sound? 4. What is the neurological basis of deafness? 15