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Overview of the Day Neuroscience - Part 2 The Brain The Brain and Behavior Genetics and Behavior Why Has the Brain Been so Difficult to Study? Most of it is enclosed in the skull It just sits there and makes no obvious movements [electrical/chemical, not mechanical, like the heart or skeleton] Appears undifferentiated (all of it looks about the same Ethics of studying human brains Differences between human an animal brain function How Can We Figure out How the Brain Works ? Clinical observations of illnesses and damage to brain injuries in war or work damage to back of brain disrupted vision Phinous Gage, damage to frontal cortex resulted in DPC Manipulating the brain create brain injuries destroy parts of brain (lesions) and see what happens [ethical on humans?--when done for other reasons: e.g., split brain, corpus callosum to ameliorate epilepsy] stimulate it chemically or eclectically (Delgato and bulls) Observe it What about the Brain Would You Observe? What it looks like (3D, X-ray) brain structure, shapes of different types of people Brain activity what parts of the brain are firing when people are engaged in different tasks Brain Imaging Techniques: Technologies for Observing the Brain CT (computed tomograph) scan X-rays of brain in 3d PET (positron emission tomograph) scan Depicts activity of different brain areas by showing each area's consumption of its chemical fuel (glucose). Active areas consume most fuel MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan Detects signals from atoms in brain to give detailed picture of brain's soft tissue Major Parts of the Brain Brainstem (oldest, evolved first) Thalamus Cerebellum Limbic system Cerebral Cortex (evolved last) Brainstem Since it evolved first, what functions do you think it controls? Medulla Heartbeat and breathing Reticular formation arousal and sleep relays information to other areas of the brain Thalamus Switchboard receives information from sensory neurons and routes it to the higher brain regions that deal with seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching. Cerebellum Coordinates voluntary movement Limbic System Primarily deals with emotion Amygdala (aggression, fear) Would psycho-surgery for violent criminals (modifying amygdala) be a good idea? • Varied results: brain parts not completely isolated in terms of function • Easy to err when trying to localize brain functions Hypothalamus (hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior, pleasure center) Hippocampus (memory) Cerebral Cortex Layer of cells on the top of the brain structure: body's control and informationprocessing center. that part of the brain most associated with our humanity (thought, planning, language, symbols) Motor cortex (fine voluntary movements) Sensory cortex (this is where incoming messages reach the cortex) Association areas (integrate information) the more intelligent the animal, the greater the amount of uncommitted association areas electrically probing these areas does not trigger any specific response Association areas Frontal lobe judging, planning, personality, social skills (Phinehas Gage-DPC) Auditory and visual cortexes Divided Brain Right Half of the brain controls which side of the body? Pictures, faces, visual-spatial What percentage of gifted artists are-left handed Left Brain language, numbers, analysis Corpus callosum (connects right and left hemispheres of the brain) Genetics and Behavior Basic Units Genes: biochemical units of heredity Chromosomes: egg and sperm cells each have 23 chromosomes: when they combine, the 46 chromosomes contain master plan for an individual's development Genes and Human Development Genes influence (G x E) Physical development: height, hair color, skin color, ear lobe, curl tongue, bend thumb back Behavioral tendencies: personality (anxiety, sensation seeking, shyness, physical and mental abilities Individual differences (behavior genetics) Universal human characteristics (evolutionary psychology) Behavior Genetics Hereditary influences on individual differences How we differ from one another (personality and ability) To what extent are we a product of our genes vs. our environment? Estimate heritability: the extent to which differences among individuals is due to genes Adoption studies Identical and fraternal twins, siblings (natural and adopted) reared together and reared apart (separated at birth) Identical twins reared apart are more similar than natural or adopted siblings reared together in: intelligence and personality Evolutionary Psychology Why we are all the same: universal human tendencies just as our bodies were designed by natural selection, so to natural selection designed they way people tend to think and behave--particularly with respect to behaviors and thinking that affects reproduction and survival universal behavioral tendencies passed on through adaptive genes we all share Study commonalties among people raised in different cultures preference for sweets, fats, salt fear of snakes and spiders women's preference for men who have status and wealth; men’s preference for young, attractive females men in groups (coordinated action to achieve a goal, dominance hierarchies); women in groups (independent, less competitive, more egalitarian) strong bond between biological parents and their children (children with stepparents 40 more likely to be abused than children who are raised by both biological parents) Summary Studying the brain Parts of the brain Parts of the brain and behavior Divided brain Genetics and behavior behavior genetics evolutionary psychology