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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 If we were to reduce behavior to its smallest entity…. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 100 billion neurons in the brain Synapse To next neuron Axons send messages Myelin: Fatty layer of tissue that coats axons Dendrites receive messages Figure 2.1 1 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 The Nerve Impulse • • • Resting Potential: electrical charge of an inactive neuron – 70 millivolts. Threshold: Trigger point for a neuron’s firing – 20 mv. Action Potential: Nerve impulse Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.6 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.8 2 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.7 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.9 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Chemicals that neurons send are called: Neurotransmitters • Alter activity in neurons; brain chemicals • – Acetylcholine: Activates muscles – Dopamine: Muscle control – Serotonin: Mood and appetite control Receptor Site: Areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters or hormones 3 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Neural Regulators • Neuropeptides: Brain chemicals that regulate activity of other neurons – Enkephalins: Relieve pain and stress; similar to endorphins – Endorphins: Released by pituitary gland; also help to relieve pain • Placebos raise endorphin levels Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Nerves and Neurons • Nerve: bundles of neurons • Neurilemma: Thin layer of cells wrapped • around axons outside brain and spinal cord; forms a tunnel that damaged fibers can follow as they repair themselves Neurogenesis: Production of new brain cells; brain loses thousands of cells each day and grows new neurons at same time to replace them Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 • • Two Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System Somatic System: Links spinal cord with body and sense organs; controls voluntary behavior Autonomic System: Serves internal organs and glands; controls automatic functions such as heart rate and blood pressure 4 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 The Spinal Cord • Spinal Nerves: 31 of them; carry sensory and motor messages to and from the spinal cord • Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs that leave the brain directly without passing through the spinal cord; also work to communicate messages Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 The Spinal Cord and Behavior • Reflex Arc: Simplest behavior in which a stimulus provokes an automatic response • Sensory Neuron: Nerve cell that carries messages from the senses toward the CNS • Motor Neuron: Cell that carries commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands • Effector Cells: Cells capable of producing a response Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.10 5 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Researching the Brain • Ablation: Surgical removal of tissue • Deep Lesioning: A thin wire electrode is • • lowered into a specific area inside the brain; Electrical current is then used to destroy a small amount of brain tissue Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB): When an electrode is used to activate target areas in the brain Electroencephalograph (EEG): A device that detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Brain Imaging Techniques • Computed Tomographic Scanning (CT): Computerenhanced X-ray of the brain or body Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses a strong magnetic field, not an X-ray, to produce an image of the brain and body 6 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 More Brain Imaging Techniques • Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Computergenerated color image of brain activity, based on glucose consumption in the brain Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Cerebral Cortex • Outer layer of the cerebrum • Cerebrum: Two large hemispheres that cover upper part of the brain • Corticalization: Increase in size and wrinkling • of the cortex Cerebral Hemispheres: Right and left halves of the cerebrum Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 The Brain 7 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.23 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.18 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.26 8 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Right Brain/Left Brain • Humans use 95 percent of our left brain for language Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Split Brain/Visual pathway Figure 2.20 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Figure 2.30 9 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 When the Brain Fails to Function Properly • Association Cortex: All areas of the cerebral • cortex that are not primarily sensory or motor in function Aphasia: Speech disturbance resulting from brain damage Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Brain abnormalities Damage to … • • Broca’s area – know what you want to say just can’t say it Wernicke’s Area – language comprehension, does not understand the meaning of words Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Subcortex • All brain structures below cerebral cortex; immediately below cerebral hemispheres • Hindbrain (Brainstem) • Medulla: Connects brain with the spinal cord and controls vital life functions such as heart rate and breathing 10 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 More Subcortex Structures • Pons (Bridge): Acts as a bridge between • brainstem and other structures; influences sleep and arousal Cerebellum: Located at base of brain; regulates posture, muscle tone, and muscular coordination Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Endocrine System Glands that pour hormones directly into the bloodstream or lymph system, e.g. Pituitary gland… • Pituitary governs functioning of thyroid, adrenals, and gonads. Also regulates growth. – Too little = small than average… • Hypopituitary Dwarfs: As adults, perfectly proportioned but tiny • Treatable by using growth hormone; will add a few inches • Treatment is long and expensive Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Pituitary Gland (cont.) • Too much = giantism (excessive body growth) – Acromegaly: Enlargement of arms, hands, feet, and facial bones; due to too much growth hormone released late in growth period, e.g., Andre the Giant, 7’4”, 500 lbs. – Pituitary also governs functioning of thyroid, adrenals, and gonads 11 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 2 Adrenal Hormones Epinephrine arouses body; is associated with fear. Norepinephrine arouses body; is linked with anger Figure 2.29 12