SOP #11 Acoustic Startle and Pre
... Both male and female rats have been used in measures of startle reflex magnitude and plasticity. The effects of rat gender on many variables and drug responses have not been studied systematically, so it is important to match the gender of the rats used previously when studies are replicated or exte ...
... Both male and female rats have been used in measures of startle reflex magnitude and plasticity. The effects of rat gender on many variables and drug responses have not been studied systematically, so it is important to match the gender of the rats used previously when studies are replicated or exte ...
Fear Models in Animals and Humans
... Although Pavlovian fear conditioning is a powerful model for understanding fear across species, it requires direct experience with an aversive event. In humans, many of our fears are learned through social means without direct aversive experience. For instance, a common phobia is fear of germs. Alth ...
... Although Pavlovian fear conditioning is a powerful model for understanding fear across species, it requires direct experience with an aversive event. In humans, many of our fears are learned through social means without direct aversive experience. For instance, a common phobia is fear of germs. Alth ...
Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical
... times, and with the same distribution across the sleep period, but only during non-REM (NREM) sleep [NREM sleep fragmentation (NF) group] (fig. S1B). This is a necessary control because RSD has indirect effects on NREM sleep duration and EEG activity (9). After 6 hours of MD and 1 hour of sleep, whe ...
... times, and with the same distribution across the sleep period, but only during non-REM (NREM) sleep [NREM sleep fragmentation (NF) group] (fig. S1B). This is a necessary control because RSD has indirect effects on NREM sleep duration and EEG activity (9). After 6 hours of MD and 1 hour of sleep, whe ...
Varieties of Analogical Reasoning
... What we can call “Ad-hoc” (to this) analogy occurs in contexts in which the goal is to construct analogies de novo, typically in the explicit A : B :: C : D format, to meet certain criteria or to suit particular purposes. The purpose delimits the form of the analogies (e.g., geometrical, verbal, etc ...
... What we can call “Ad-hoc” (to this) analogy occurs in contexts in which the goal is to construct analogies de novo, typically in the explicit A : B :: C : D format, to meet certain criteria or to suit particular purposes. The purpose delimits the form of the analogies (e.g., geometrical, verbal, etc ...
Wild type human TDP-43 potentiates ALS-linked mutant TDP
... while post-natal knockout results in metabolic defects, leading to rapid death [29]. In contrast, heterozygous knockdown results only in a mild impairment in grip strength, with no overt evidence of neurodegeneration [27], while motor neuron specific knockdown results in age dependent progressive mo ...
... while post-natal knockout results in metabolic defects, leading to rapid death [29]. In contrast, heterozygous knockdown results only in a mild impairment in grip strength, with no overt evidence of neurodegeneration [27], while motor neuron specific knockdown results in age dependent progressive mo ...
Document
... Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 17. An action potential is a. the likelihood that a neuron will take action when stimulated. b. an energy impulse released by the dendrites. c. the firing of a nerve, either toward or away from the cell bo ...
... Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 17. An action potential is a. the likelihood that a neuron will take action when stimulated. b. an energy impulse released by the dendrites. c. the firing of a nerve, either toward or away from the cell bo ...
GnRH Protein Levels in Atrazine-Treated Axolotls
... hypothalamus of developing amphibians, resulting in disrupted steroidogenesis and sexual development. We chose the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, as our model organism because its long history as an experimental amphibian provides many well-established laboratory protocols, and because it is large, h ...
... hypothalamus of developing amphibians, resulting in disrupted steroidogenesis and sexual development. We chose the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, as our model organism because its long history as an experimental amphibian provides many well-established laboratory protocols, and because it is large, h ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
Early Sensory Pathways for Detection of Fearful Conditioned Stimuli
... Boatman and Kim, 2006). Whether this is also the case during active avoidance conditioning is unknown. Rats readily learn to avoid an aversive stimulus by detecting a low-intensity 10 Hz electrical CS applied unilaterally to the whisker pad (Castro-Alamancos, 2004a). Such a stimulus (termed here WCS ...
... Boatman and Kim, 2006). Whether this is also the case during active avoidance conditioning is unknown. Rats readily learn to avoid an aversive stimulus by detecting a low-intensity 10 Hz electrical CS applied unilaterally to the whisker pad (Castro-Alamancos, 2004a). Such a stimulus (termed here WCS ...
Enlargement of Axo-Somatic Contacts Formed by
... females experiment with dieting, while only 1% of them succumb to the condition of AN (Hudson et al. 2007). What is the basis for the individual differences in vulnerability to AN? This was the question of our study strived to answer through the use of a mouse model of AN, namely activity-based anor ...
... females experiment with dieting, while only 1% of them succumb to the condition of AN (Hudson et al. 2007). What is the basis for the individual differences in vulnerability to AN? This was the question of our study strived to answer through the use of a mouse model of AN, namely activity-based anor ...
Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7e (Carlson)
... B) Damage to the brain can alter our self-awareness. C) Inhalation of certain gases renders us aware of the environment. D) Our awareness levels change with our emotional states. E) Consciousness is similar across organisms with very different brain structures. Answer: B Rationale: The proposition t ...
... B) Damage to the brain can alter our self-awareness. C) Inhalation of certain gases renders us aware of the environment. D) Our awareness levels change with our emotional states. E) Consciousness is similar across organisms with very different brain structures. Answer: B Rationale: The proposition t ...
Olfaction
... § Cross-cultural data support associative learning § An evolutionary argument: Some animals exhibit an instinctive aversion to smells from predators, etc. § Learned taste aversion: Avoidance of a novel flavor after it has been paired with gastric illness ...
... § Cross-cultural data support associative learning § An evolutionary argument: Some animals exhibit an instinctive aversion to smells from predators, etc. § Learned taste aversion: Avoidance of a novel flavor after it has been paired with gastric illness ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... activates an insulin receptor/PI 3-kinase signaling pathway within the ASER salt-sensing neuron to suppress its attractive activity (Tomioka et al., 2006). Mutation of the PI 3-kinase pathway eliminates salt chemotaxis learning, and constitutive activation by a mutation in the PTEN lipid phosphatase ...
... activates an insulin receptor/PI 3-kinase signaling pathway within the ASER salt-sensing neuron to suppress its attractive activity (Tomioka et al., 2006). Mutation of the PI 3-kinase pathway eliminates salt chemotaxis learning, and constitutive activation by a mutation in the PTEN lipid phosphatase ...
neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment eliminates cholinergic
... those present in the glands of control animals (Fig. 3). Fewer axons were present in each bundle, and the axons contained relatively few microtubules and lacked large, synaptic vesicle-filled varicosities. Some small varicosities were seen, but these contained almost exclusively large dense-core ves ...
... those present in the glands of control animals (Fig. 3). Fewer axons were present in each bundle, and the axons contained relatively few microtubules and lacked large, synaptic vesicle-filled varicosities. Some small varicosities were seen, but these contained almost exclusively large dense-core ves ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... nose poking necessary for the tactile task is part of the rats’ natural behavioral repertoire. These overall changes in the dyad behavior, irrespective of their direction (e.g. increased or decreased latency), are a clear indicator that a fundamentally more complex system emerged from the operation ...
... nose poking necessary for the tactile task is part of the rats’ natural behavioral repertoire. These overall changes in the dyad behavior, irrespective of their direction (e.g. increased or decreased latency), are a clear indicator that a fundamentally more complex system emerged from the operation ...
View PDF - e-Science Central
... found to be present in individuals who were diagnosed with PTSD. Given the overlapping effects of PTSD and alcoholism, the interpretation of published findings pertaining to these disorders has been complicated by their frequent co-occurrence in Veterans. Recent studies indicate that OEF/OIF Veteran ...
... found to be present in individuals who were diagnosed with PTSD. Given the overlapping effects of PTSD and alcoholism, the interpretation of published findings pertaining to these disorders has been complicated by their frequent co-occurrence in Veterans. Recent studies indicate that OEF/OIF Veteran ...
A Master Key to Assess Stroke Consequences Across Species: The
... showed to be promising as a predictor of post-stroke functional outcome (Rose et al., 1994). In the way of improving the functional assessment in experimental stroke models, adhesive removal test has been first adapted to rats about a quarter of century ago (Schallert et al., 1982). The stimulus emp ...
... showed to be promising as a predictor of post-stroke functional outcome (Rose et al., 1994). In the way of improving the functional assessment in experimental stroke models, adhesive removal test has been first adapted to rats about a quarter of century ago (Schallert et al., 1982). The stimulus emp ...
NIH Public Access
... Despite the compelling empirical support for this model of PTSD pathophysiology, there are strong reasons to seek additional corroborative evidence. Whereas conditioned fear can be measured across species with relatively simple autonomic or behavioral responses that may even occur non-consciously in ...
... Despite the compelling empirical support for this model of PTSD pathophysiology, there are strong reasons to seek additional corroborative evidence. Whereas conditioned fear can be measured across species with relatively simple autonomic or behavioral responses that may even occur non-consciously in ...
Virtual dissection and comparative connectivity of the superior
... recognized in both macaques and humans (Makris et al., 2005; Fernandez-Miranda et al., 2008; Gharabaghi et al., 2009; Petrides and Pandya, 2009; Thiebaut de Schotten et al., 2011a; Martino and Marco de Lucas, 2014). Here we use the term “SLF” to refer specifically to direct fronto-parietal connection ...
... recognized in both macaques and humans (Makris et al., 2005; Fernandez-Miranda et al., 2008; Gharabaghi et al., 2009; Petrides and Pandya, 2009; Thiebaut de Schotten et al., 2011a; Martino and Marco de Lucas, 2014). Here we use the term “SLF” to refer specifically to direct fronto-parietal connection ...
MUSIC PERCEPTION AND COGNITION
... category boundaries, relative to stimuli in the center of a category (Studdert-Kennedy et al., 1970). Pitch classes differ from stronger instances of categorical perception, as in speech, in that it is still possible to discriminate between different examples within the same category (see Jusczyk & ...
... category boundaries, relative to stimuli in the center of a category (Studdert-Kennedy et al., 1970). Pitch classes differ from stronger instances of categorical perception, as in speech, in that it is still possible to discriminate between different examples within the same category (see Jusczyk & ...
The Social Contract
... "What did I do?" His refuge may lie in social paranoia such as that so favored by the young. It is somebody else's fault. But the mature must inquire more deeply. What did we do that was wrong? And there is coming about in our time a generation of scientists who, granted the courage, have the power ...
... "What did I do?" His refuge may lie in social paranoia such as that so favored by the young. It is somebody else's fault. But the mature must inquire more deeply. What did we do that was wrong? And there is coming about in our time a generation of scientists who, granted the courage, have the power ...
Ping-An Li, Ashfaq Shuaib, Hiro Miyashita, Qing
... tional histopathological evaluation of brain damage. In hyperglycemic animals, however, survival was severely restricted. Thus, when 6 animals in a pilot study were allowed to wake up after the ischemia, all developed seizures during the first 1 to 3 hours and subsequently died in status epilepticus ...
... tional histopathological evaluation of brain damage. In hyperglycemic animals, however, survival was severely restricted. Thus, when 6 animals in a pilot study were allowed to wake up after the ischemia, all developed seizures during the first 1 to 3 hours and subsequently died in status epilepticus ...
Chapter 2 - Monsignor Farrell High School
... • pituitary gland: gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) • pineal gland: endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin • thyroid gland: endocrine gland found in ...
... • pituitary gland: gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) • pineal gland: endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin • thyroid gland: endocrine gland found in ...
ECBB 2016 Abstract book.
... Visual, acoustic, and olfactory warning signals in true bugs: how do they interact in defence against avian predators? ...
... Visual, acoustic, and olfactory warning signals in true bugs: how do they interact in defence against avian predators? ...
Ethological Aspects of Stress in a Model Lizard, Anolis carolinensis1
... provide indices of the flux of circulating stress-relevant hormones, and are seen in situations from spontaneous exploration through agonistic behavior. Furthermore, captive adult males spontaneously and consistently manifest social dominance relationships that provide many of the elements of a stre ...
... provide indices of the flux of circulating stress-relevant hormones, and are seen in situations from spontaneous exploration through agonistic behavior. Furthermore, captive adult males spontaneously and consistently manifest social dominance relationships that provide many of the elements of a stre ...