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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Chapter 3: Child Development
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Heredity and Genes
• Developmental Psychology: The study of
•
•
progressive changes in behavior and abilities
from conception to death
Heredity (Nature): Transmission of physical
and psychological characteristics from
parents to their children through genes
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Molecular
structure, shaped like a double helix that
contains coded genetic information
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Genes
• Specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry
•
hereditary information
– Dominant: The gene’s feature will appear
each time the gene is present
– Recessive: The gene’s feature will appear
only if it is paired with another recessive
gene
Polygenic: Characteristics that are controlled
by many genes working in combination
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Figure 3.2
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Figure 3.3
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Table 3.1
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Temperament
• Temperament: The physical “core” of
personality
– Includes sensitivity, irritability, distractibility,
and mood
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Newborns’ Temperaments
• Easy Children: 40 %; relaxed and agreeable
• Difficult Children: 10 %; moody, intense,
•
•
easily angered
Slow-to-Warm-Up Children: 15 %; restrained,
unexpressive, shy
Remaining Children: Do not fit into any
specific category (Chess & Thomas, 1968)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Environment (“Nurture”)
• All external conditions that affect
•
development, especially the effects of
learning
Sensitive Periods: A period of increased
sensitivity to environmental influences; also, a
time when certain events must occur for
normal development to take place
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Developmental Problems
• Congenital Problems: Problems or defects
•
that occur during prenatal development; “birth
defect”
Genetic Disorder: Problem caused by
inherited characteristics from parents or
defects in genes
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Teratogens
• Anything capable of causing birth defects
(e.g., narcotics, radiation, cigarette smoke,
lead, and cocaine) in a developing fetus
– Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Caused by
repeated heavy alcohol consumption
during pregnancy
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Deprivation and Enrichment
• Deprivation: Lack of normal stimulation,
•
nutrition, comfort, or love during development
Enrichment: When environments are
deliberately made more complex,
intellectually stimulating, and emotionally
supportive during development
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
The Mozart Effect: Fact or Fiction?
• Rauscher & Shaw (1998) claimed that after
•
college students listened to Mozart they
scored higher on a spatial reasoning test
Original experiment done with adults; tells us
nothing about children
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
The Mozart Effect: Hypothesis and Conclusion
• What effect would listening to other styles of
•
•
music have?
Most researchers unable to duplicate the
effect
Conclusion: Those who listened to Mozart
were just more alert or in a better mood
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Developmental Level
• An individual’s current state of physical,
emotional, and intellectual development
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Newborns (Neonates) and Their Reflexes
• Grasping Reflex: If an object is placed in the
•
infant’s palm, she’ll grasp it automatically (all
reflexes are automatic responses; i.e., they
come from nature, not nurture)
Rooting Reflex: Lightly touch the infant’s
cheek and he’ll turn toward the object and
attempt to nurse; helps infant find nipple or
food
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
More Neonatal Reflexes
• Sucking Reflex: Touch an object or nipple to
•
the infant’s mouth and she’ll make rhythmic
sucking movements
Moro Reflex: If a baby’s position is abruptly
changed or if he is startled by a loud noise,
he will make a hugging motion
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Figure 3.7
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Maturation
• Physical growth and development of the
•
body, brain, and nervous system
Increased muscular control occurs in patterns
– Cephalocaudal: From head to toe
– Proximodistal: From center of the body to
the extremities
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Readiness
• Exists when maturation has advanced
enough to allow rapid acquisition of a
particular skill
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Basic Emotions
• Anger, fear, joy
– Take time to develop
– Appear to be innate
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Emotional and Social Development
• Social Smile: Smiling elicited by social stimuli;
•
not exclusive to seeing parents; occurs at 2-3
months
Social Development: Development of selfawareness, attachment to parents or
caregivers, and relationships with other
children and adults
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
More on Social Development
• Self-Awareness: Awareness of oneself as a
•
person; can be tested by having infants look
in a mirror and see if they recognize
themselves; occurs at about 15 months
Social Referencing: Observing other people
in social situations to get information or
guidance
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Figure 3.10
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Separation Anxiety
• Crying and signs of fear when a child is left
alone or is with a stranger; generally appears
around 8-12 months
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Mary Ainsworth and Attachment
• Quality of Attachment
– Secure: Stable and positive emotional
bond
– Insecure-Avoidant: Tendency to avoid
reunion with parent or caregiver; anxious
or emotional bond
– Insecure-Ambivalent: Desire to be with
parent or caregiver and some resistance to
being reunited; also anxious emotional
bond
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Figure 3.11
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Play and Social Skills
• Solitary Play: When a child plays alone even
•
when with other children
Cooperative Play: When two or more children
must coordinate their actions
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Optimal Caregiving
• Proactive Educational Influences: A parent’s
•
•
warm, educational interactions with her child
Goodness of Fit (Chess & Thomas, 1986):
Degree to which parents and child have
compatible temperaments
Paternal Influences: Sum of all effects a
father has on his child
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Figure 3.13
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Parenting Styles (Baumrind, 1991)
• Authoritarian Parents: Enforce rigid rules and
•
demand strict obedience to authority;
children tend to be emotionally stiff and
lacking in curiosity
Overly Permissive: Give little guidance, allow
too much freedom, or don’t hold children
accountable for their actions; children tend to
be dependent and immature and frequently
misbehave
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Parenting Styles (cont.)
• Authoritative: Provide firm and consistent
guidance combined with love and affection;
children tend to be competent, self-controlled,
independent, and assertive
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Types of Child Discipline
• Power Assertion: Using physical punishment
•
•
or a show of force
Withdrawal of Love: Withholding affection
Management Techniques: Combine praise,
recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Side Effects of Child Discipline
• Power Assertion: Children tend to be
•
aggressive, violent, defiant, not spontaneous,
and hate their parents
Withdrawal of Love: Children tend to be selfdisciplined, anxious, insecure, and dependent
on adults
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Spanking
• No long-term damage if backed up by
supportive parenting
– Frequent spanking leads to increased
aggression and more problem behaviors
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Language Development
• Cooing: Spontaneous repetition of vowel
•
•
•
sounds by infants; at 6-8 months
Babbling: Repetition of meaningless
language sounds (e.g., babababa); 7 months
Single-Word Stage: The child says one word
at a time
Telegraphic Speech: Two word sentences
that communicate a single idea (e.g., “Want
yogurt”)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Figure 3.14
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Noam Chomsky and the Roots of Language
• Biological Disposition: Presumed hereditary
•
readiness of ALL humans to learn certain
skills such as how to use language
– Chomsky: Language patterns are inborn
Parentese (Motherese): Pattern of speech
used when talking to infants
– Marked by raised voice; short, simple
sentences, repetition, and exaggerated
voice inflections
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
• Piaget believed that all children pass through
•
a set series of stages during their cognitive
development; like Freud, he was a Stage
Theorist
Transformations: Mentally changing the
shape or form of a substance; children
younger than 6 or 7 cannot do this
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
More Piagetian Concepts
• Assimilation: Application of existing mental
•
patterns to new situations
Accommodation: Existing ideas are changed
to accommodate new information or
experiences
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage
• Sensorimotor (0-2 Years): All sensory input
and motor responses are coordinated; most
intellectual development here is nonverbal
– Object Permanence: Concept that objects
still exist when they are out of sight
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Absence of Object Permanence
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Presence of Object Permanence
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget: Preoperational Stage
• Preoperational Stage (2-7 Years): Children
begin to use language and think symbolically,
BUT their thinking is still intuitive and
egocentric
– Intuitive: Makes little use of reasoning and
logic
– Egocentric Thought: Thought that is unable
to accommodate viewpoints of others
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Preoperational Conservation of Quantity
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget: Concrete Operational Stage
• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11Years):
Children become able to use concepts of
time, space, volume, and number BUT in
ways that remain simplified and concrete, not
abstract
– Conservation: Mass, weight, and volume
remain unchanged when the shape or
appearance of objects changes
– Reversibility of Thought: Relationships
involving equality or identity can be
reversed
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Concrete Conservation of Quantity
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Concrete Abstract Reasoning
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Jean Piaget: Formal Operations
• Formal Operations Stage (11 Years and Up):
Thinking now includes abstract, theoretical,
and hypothetical ideas
– Abstract Ideas: Concepts and examples
removed from specific examples and
concrete situations
– Hypothetical Possibilities: Suppositions,
guesses, or projections
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Formal Abstract Reasoning
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
• Children’s cognitive development is heavily
•
•
influenced by social and cultural factors
A child’s thinking develops through dialogues
with more capable persons
Zone of Proximal Development: Range of
tasks a child cannot master alone even
though they are close to having the
necessary mental skills; they need guidance
from a more capable partner in order to
complete the task
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Vygotsky’s Scaffolding
• Adjusting instruction so it is responsive to a
beginner’s behavior and so it supports the
beginner’s efforts to understand a problem or
gain a mental skill
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Effective Parenting
• Have stable rules of conduct (consistency)
• Show mutual respect, love, encouragement,
•
and shared enjoyment
Have effective communication
– I-Message: Tells children the effect their
behavior had on you (Use this)
– You-Message: Threats, name-calling,
accusing, bossing, criticizing, or lecturing
(Avoid this)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 3
Consequences
• Natural Consequences: Effects that naturally
•
follow a particular behavior
Logical Consequences: Rational and
reasonable effects