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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Chapter 3: Child Development Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Heredity and Genes • Developmental Psychology: The study of • • progressive changes in behavior and abilities from conception to death Heredity (Nature): Transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children through genes DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Molecular structure, shaped like a double helix that contains coded genetic information Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Genes • Specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry • hereditary information – Dominant: The gene’s feature will appear each time the gene is present – Recessive: The gene’s feature will appear only if it is paired with another recessive gene Polygenic: Characteristics that are controlled by many genes working in combination Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Figure 3.2 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Figure 3.3 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Temperament • Temperament: The physical “core” of personality – Includes sensitivity, irritability, distractibility, and mood Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Newborns’ Temperaments • Easy Children: 40 %; relaxed and agreeable • Difficult Children: 10 %; moody, intense, • • easily angered Slow-to-Warm-Up Children: 15 %; restrained, unexpressive, shy Remaining Children: Do not fit into any specific category (Chess & Thomas, 1968) Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Environment (“Nurture”) • All external conditions that affect • development, especially the effects of learning Sensitive Periods: A period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences; also, a time when certain events must occur for normal development to take place Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Developmental Problems • Congenital Problems: Problems or defects • that occur during prenatal development; “birth defect” Genetic Disorder: Problem caused by inherited characteristics from parents or defects in genes Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Teratogens • Anything capable of causing birth defects (e.g., narcotics, radiation, cigarette smoke, lead, and cocaine) in a developing fetus – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Caused by repeated heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Deprivation and Enrichment • Deprivation: Lack of normal stimulation, • nutrition, comfort, or love during development Enrichment: When environments are deliberately made more complex, intellectually stimulating, and emotionally supportive during development Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 The Mozart Effect: Fact or Fiction? • Rauscher & Shaw (1998) claimed that after • college students listened to Mozart they scored higher on a spatial reasoning test Original experiment done with adults; tells us nothing about children Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 The Mozart Effect: Hypothesis and Conclusion • What effect would listening to other styles of • • music have? Most researchers unable to duplicate the effect Conclusion: Those who listened to Mozart were just more alert or in a better mood Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Developmental Level • An individual’s current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Newborns (Neonates) and Their Reflexes • Grasping Reflex: If an object is placed in the • infant’s palm, she’ll grasp it automatically (all reflexes are automatic responses; i.e., they come from nature, not nurture) Rooting Reflex: Lightly touch the infant’s cheek and he’ll turn toward the object and attempt to nurse; helps infant find nipple or food Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 More Neonatal Reflexes • Sucking Reflex: Touch an object or nipple to • the infant’s mouth and she’ll make rhythmic sucking movements Moro Reflex: If a baby’s position is abruptly changed or if he is startled by a loud noise, he will make a hugging motion Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Figure 3.7 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Maturation • Physical growth and development of the • body, brain, and nervous system Increased muscular control occurs in patterns – Cephalocaudal: From head to toe – Proximodistal: From center of the body to the extremities Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Readiness • Exists when maturation has advanced enough to allow rapid acquisition of a particular skill Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Basic Emotions • Anger, fear, joy – Take time to develop – Appear to be innate Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Emotional and Social Development • Social Smile: Smiling elicited by social stimuli; • not exclusive to seeing parents; occurs at 2-3 months Social Development: Development of selfawareness, attachment to parents or caregivers, and relationships with other children and adults Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 More on Social Development • Self-Awareness: Awareness of oneself as a • person; can be tested by having infants look in a mirror and see if they recognize themselves; occurs at about 15 months Social Referencing: Observing other people in social situations to get information or guidance Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Figure 3.10 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Separation Anxiety • Crying and signs of fear when a child is left alone or is with a stranger; generally appears around 8-12 months Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Mary Ainsworth and Attachment • Quality of Attachment – Secure: Stable and positive emotional bond – Insecure-Avoidant: Tendency to avoid reunion with parent or caregiver; anxious or emotional bond – Insecure-Ambivalent: Desire to be with parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited; also anxious emotional bond Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Figure 3.11 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Play and Social Skills • Solitary Play: When a child plays alone even • when with other children Cooperative Play: When two or more children must coordinate their actions Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Optimal Caregiving • Proactive Educational Influences: A parent’s • • warm, educational interactions with her child Goodness of Fit (Chess & Thomas, 1986): Degree to which parents and child have compatible temperaments Paternal Influences: Sum of all effects a father has on his child Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Figure 3.13 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Parenting Styles (Baumrind, 1991) • Authoritarian Parents: Enforce rigid rules and • demand strict obedience to authority; children tend to be emotionally stiff and lacking in curiosity Overly Permissive: Give little guidance, allow too much freedom, or don’t hold children accountable for their actions; children tend to be dependent and immature and frequently misbehave Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Parenting Styles (cont.) • Authoritative: Provide firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection; children tend to be competent, self-controlled, independent, and assertive Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Types of Child Discipline • Power Assertion: Using physical punishment • • or a show of force Withdrawal of Love: Withholding affection Management Techniques: Combine praise, recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Side Effects of Child Discipline • Power Assertion: Children tend to be • aggressive, violent, defiant, not spontaneous, and hate their parents Withdrawal of Love: Children tend to be selfdisciplined, anxious, insecure, and dependent on adults Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Spanking • No long-term damage if backed up by supportive parenting – Frequent spanking leads to increased aggression and more problem behaviors Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Language Development • Cooing: Spontaneous repetition of vowel • • • sounds by infants; at 6-8 months Babbling: Repetition of meaningless language sounds (e.g., babababa); 7 months Single-Word Stage: The child says one word at a time Telegraphic Speech: Two word sentences that communicate a single idea (e.g., “Want yogurt”) Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Figure 3.14 Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Noam Chomsky and the Roots of Language • Biological Disposition: Presumed hereditary • readiness of ALL humans to learn certain skills such as how to use language – Chomsky: Language patterns are inborn Parentese (Motherese): Pattern of speech used when talking to infants – Marked by raised voice; short, simple sentences, repetition, and exaggerated voice inflections Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development • Piaget believed that all children pass through • a set series of stages during their cognitive development; like Freud, he was a Stage Theorist Transformations: Mentally changing the shape or form of a substance; children younger than 6 or 7 cannot do this Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 More Piagetian Concepts • Assimilation: Application of existing mental • patterns to new situations Accommodation: Existing ideas are changed to accommodate new information or experiences Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Jean Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage • Sensorimotor (0-2 Years): All sensory input and motor responses are coordinated; most intellectual development here is nonverbal – Object Permanence: Concept that objects still exist when they are out of sight Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Absence of Object Permanence Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Presence of Object Permanence Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Jean Piaget: Preoperational Stage • Preoperational Stage (2-7 Years): Children begin to use language and think symbolically, BUT their thinking is still intuitive and egocentric – Intuitive: Makes little use of reasoning and logic – Egocentric Thought: Thought that is unable to accommodate viewpoints of others Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Preoperational Conservation of Quantity Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Jean Piaget: Concrete Operational Stage • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11Years): Children become able to use concepts of time, space, volume, and number BUT in ways that remain simplified and concrete, not abstract – Conservation: Mass, weight, and volume remain unchanged when the shape or appearance of objects changes – Reversibility of Thought: Relationships involving equality or identity can be reversed Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Concrete Conservation of Quantity Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Concrete Abstract Reasoning Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Jean Piaget: Formal Operations • Formal Operations Stage (11 Years and Up): Thinking now includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas – Abstract Ideas: Concepts and examples removed from specific examples and concrete situations – Hypothetical Possibilities: Suppositions, guesses, or projections Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Formal Abstract Reasoning Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory • Children’s cognitive development is heavily • • influenced by social and cultural factors A child’s thinking develops through dialogues with more capable persons Zone of Proximal Development: Range of tasks a child cannot master alone even though they are close to having the necessary mental skills; they need guidance from a more capable partner in order to complete the task Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Vygotsky’s Scaffolding • Adjusting instruction so it is responsive to a beginner’s behavior and so it supports the beginner’s efforts to understand a problem or gain a mental skill Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Effective Parenting • Have stable rules of conduct (consistency) • Show mutual respect, love, encouragement, • and shared enjoyment Have effective communication – I-Message: Tells children the effect their behavior had on you (Use this) – You-Message: Threats, name-calling, accusing, bossing, criticizing, or lecturing (Avoid this) Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 3 Consequences • Natural Consequences: Effects that naturally • follow a particular behavior Logical Consequences: Rational and reasonable effects