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ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURON LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lecture, student should be able to: know the basic structure and function of neuron understand its basic physical and electrical properties of neuron to know the factors on which the resting membrane potential depends to appreciate the mechanics of action potential initiation and measurements of action potentials. Know the basics of patch-clamp technique NERVOUS TISSUE Nervous Tissue comprises of o Neurons, o Neuroglia, o and blood vessels Neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of nervous tissue Neuroglia is the supporting or glial tissue that is 10-times more abundant in mammalian brain than neurons NEURON Basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system Specialized cells conduct electrical impulses along the plasma membrane Composed of: Body: Soma/Perikaryon Body Contains; Nucleus: Cytoplasmic organelles Inclusions Cytoskeletal components Processes: Axon and Dendrites MORPHOLOGY OF NERVE CELLS (THE NEURON) A NEURON Nucleus Axon Dendrites Myelin • Dendrites -- Input • Cell body (soma) -- Integration • Axon -- Output STRUCTURE OF NEURONS DENDRITES At dendrites, the neurons recieve input via axons of other neurons at synapses dendritic spine STRUCTURE OF NEURONS AXON The axon transmits the information electrically from the soma to the synapses – it is surrounded by myelin that insulate the axon, provided by oligodendrocytes (glial cells) NEURON: MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Unipolar • • Bipolar • Multipolar •Single axon & multiple dendrites •Most common type in men, e.g •Motor cortex, interneurons, … • Pseudounipolar •Single process arises from body •Branches into an axon and dendrite, e.g •Present in spinal and cranial ganglia ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURON • ALL CELLS (NOT JUST EXCITABLE CELLS) HAVE A RESTING POTENTIAL (MEMBRANE POTENTIAL) : AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE THE INTERIOR OF THE CELL NEGATIVE TYPICALLY -70MV ( VARIES -40 TO -90 MV DEPENDS UPON THE TYPE OF NEURON) RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RMP All cells (not just excitable cells) have a resting potential (membrane potential) : an electrical charge across the plasma membrane The interior of the cell negative Typically -70mV ( varies -40 to -90 mV depends upon the type of neuron) ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURON RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RMP Neurons are enclosed by a membrane separating interior from extra cellular space The concentration of ions inside is different (more –ve) to that in the surrounding liquid -ve ions therefore build up on the inside surface of the membrane and an equal amount of +ve ions build up on the outside The difference in concentration generates an electrical potential (membrane potential) which plays an important role in neuronal dynamics. Cell membrane: 2-3 nm thick and is impermeable to most charged molecules and so acts as a capacitor by separating the charges lying on either side of the membrane. NB Capacitors, store charge across an insulating medium. Don’t allow current to flow across, but charge can be redistributed on each side leading to current flow. The ion channels are proteins in the membrane, which lower the effective membrane resistance by a factor of 10,000 (depending on density, type etc) RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RMP In order for a potential difference to be present across a membrane lipid bilayer, two conditions must be met. 1.unequal distribution of ions of one or more species across the membrane (ie, a concentration gradient). 2.Two, the membrane must be permeable to one or more of these ion species. The permeability is provided by the existence of channels or pores in the bilayer; these channels are usually permeable to a single species of ions. represents an equilibrium situation at which the driving force for the membrane-permeant ions down their concentration gradients across the membrane is equal and opposite to the driving force for these ions down their electrical gradients. EXCITATION AND CONDUCTION Most biological neurons communicate by short electrical pulses called action potentials or spikes or nerve impulses These action potentials are generated by means of influx and out flux of ions through the ion channels embedded in membrane Suitable electrical probe (electrode) and measurement instrumentation (amplifier and read-out) can measure these tiny potentials on the order of few milli-volts EXCITATION AND CONDUCTION Nerve cells have a low threshold for excitation – may easily be excited by electrical, chemical or mechanical stimuli Two types of physiochemical disturbances are produced as a result Local or Non-Propagated Potentials such as Synaptic, Generator or Electrotonic Potentials Propagated Disturbances such as Action Potentials or Nerve Impulses ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONS extracellular intracellular The cell membrane isolates the intracellular from extracellular space ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONSThe membrane potential extracellular difference of -70 mV intracellular In the resting state, the intracellular space contains more negative ions than the extracellular space ION CHANNELS CONNECT THE INTRA- AND EXTRACELLULAR SPACE Opening of ion channels lead to a flux of ions through the membrane and to a change of the membrane potential THE ACTION POTENTIAL The action potential is generated by ion flux through voltage gated channels All or none principle!! PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL SYNAPSE – COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS SYNAPSE – COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS Presynaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter Released transmitter TransmitterResorption from synaptic cleft Transmitter binds to receptor Na+ SYNAPSE – COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS THE MORPHOLOGY OF AN ACTION POTENTIAL Action potential is a rapid, reversible, and conductive change of the membrane potential after the cell is stimulated. Nerve signals are transmitted by action potentials. Reduction in membrane potential (depolarization) to "threshold" level leads to opening of Na+ channels, allowing Na+ to enter the cell Interior becomes positive The Na+ channels then close automatically followed by a period of inactivation. K+ channels open, K+ leaves the cell and the interior again becomes negative. Process lasts about 1/1000th of a second. PROPERTIES OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL “All or none” phenomenon A threshold or suprathreshold stimulus applied to a single nerve fiber always initiate the same action potential with constant amplitude, time course and propagation velocity. Propagation Transmitted in both direction in a nerve fiber THE PATCH-CLAMP TECHNIQUE This is a novel technique in which physiological currents flowing through the cells can be detected without disrupting the cell or its contents A micropipette (diameter in microns) filled with a buffer solution and carrying a metal electrode is gently touched to the cell membrane and the membrane contents are sucked in. This is called a patch-clamp. THE PATCH CLAMP TECHNIQUE THANK YOU.