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Riley St. Clair Ph.D. Candidate Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Vermont Vermont Brain Bee 2017 • Saturday, February 18th - UVM College of Medicine • MedEd 200 (enter through HSRF/Given) • Prelim Round 1: Written quiz • Prelim Round 2: Practical quiz • Oral Round 1 • Oral Round 2 • 8 students with the top scores on prelim rounds plus oral round 1 will advance to oral round 2 Resources for You • This presentation (will post on VBB website) • Vermont Brain Bee Website: • https://vermontbrainbee.com/2017-vermont-brain-bee-tba/ • Online Texts: Neuroscience – Science of the Brain (International Brain Research Organization) • Brain Facts Booklet (Society for Neuroscience) • • Brain Facts Website: • http://www.brainfacts.org • Neuroscience for Kids website • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html Neuroscience: the Study of the Nervous System • Central nervous system Brain • Spinal cord • • Peripheral nervous system • Autonomic nervous system Plan for Today • What are the cells of the Nervous System? • What are the functional parts of the Nervous System? • Brain Tours • Diseases of the Nervous System Cells of the Nervous System What’s in Gray Matter? Nissl Stain (RNA) retina.umh.es/Webvision/ VisualCortex.html Silver Stain Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1854-1934 http://www.madrimasd.org/cienciaysociedad/patrimonio/personajes/santiago_ramon_ycajal/Default.asp Brainbow Transgenic Mice Josh Sanes Jeff Lichtman http://golgi.harvard.edu/NewsEvents/News/SanesLichtman.html Neurons Dendrite – receives input Soma (cell body) – cell organelles Axon – conducts electrical impulse (action potential) Myelin: “insulation” for axon Node of Ranvier = gap in myelin Nerve terminal – contains neurotransmitter vesicles Synapse – communication with next neuron Neurons Look different based on where they are and what they do Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum Spinal cord Pyramidal neuron Purkinje neuron Motor neuron Neuron connections SYNAPSE http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/synaptic.swf Each neuron in the brain receives thousands of synapses! Neurotransmitters • Small molecules • Acetylcholine • Biogenic amines • • • Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin • Peptides • Substance P • VIP & PACAP • Somatostatin, cortistatin • NPY, PPY • Opioid peptides • • • • Amino acids • • • • Glycine GABA Glutamate Aspartate • Nitric oxide (gas) • ATP, adenosine • Endocannabinoids • • • • • Enkephalin Endorphin Dynorphin CGRP CCK CART Galanin Leptin Non-neuronal Cells Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes (myelin) Microglia Astrocytes Ependymal cells Anatomy and Function of the Nervous System Brain Development The Human Brain Doesn’t Stop Developing Until You Are in Your 20’s! • Egg -> divides -> many cells -> nervous system • Neurons migrate and differentiate • Axons grow out • http://www.jove.com/video/4232/neural-explant-cultures-from-xenopuslaevis • Synapses form • Important synapses are kept and unimportant ones are lost Brain Anatomy: Cerebral Cortex parietal lobe frontal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS014.jpg Brain thalamus cerebral cortex cerebellum brain stem Brain Stem midbrain pons medulla Tamatha Barbeau, Francis Marion University The Brainstem midbrain pons medulla Dorsal View Ventral View © 2005 Pearson Education Cranial Nerves Memorial University Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves • Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very green vegetables…. Ah, Heaven • Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal Sensory Sensory Motor Motor Both Motor Both Sensory Both Both Motor Motor Smell Sight Eye movement Eye movement Face sense, chew Eye movement Face movement, taste Balance/hearing Taste, swallow Taste, heart rate Swallow, head movement Tongue movement Spinal cord The spinal cord doesn’t span the length of the spine! Spinal Cord The spinal nerves form the cauda equina (“horses tail”) © 2005 Pearson Education Figure 13-2 Light signals get processed back up through layers Light travels through cell layers Rachel Wong, University of Washington Southern Illinois University Autonomic Nervous System “Fight or Flight” “Rest and Digest” Childhood Disorders • Autism spectrum disorders • Inability to interact and communicate effectively • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • Impulsivity; inability to focus; lack of attention • Down syndrome • Learning disability (3 copies of chromosome 21) Neurodegenerative Disorders • Alzheimer’s Disease • age related loss of short term memory followed by dementia; neurons die in hippocampus and cortex • Parkinson’s Disease • Loss of initiation of voluntary movement; dopamine containing neurons in midbrain die • Lou Gehrig’s Disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) • Paralysis; lack of movement, atrophy of muscles; motor neurons die • Huntington’s Disease • Unwanted movements; neurons in basal ganglia die Keys to Success •Have fun •Be curious •Ask questions, then seek answers •Always want to learn!!