Download brainbeebootcamp 2017

Riley St. Clair
Ph.D. Candidate
Neuroscience Graduate Program
University of Vermont
Vermont Brain Bee 2017
• Saturday, February 18th - UVM College of Medicine
• MedEd 200 (enter through HSRF/Given)
• Prelim Round 1: Written quiz
• Prelim Round 2: Practical quiz
• Oral Round 1
• Oral Round 2
•
8 students with the top scores on prelim rounds plus oral round 1 will
advance to oral round 2
Resources for You
• This presentation (will post on VBB website)
• Vermont Brain Bee Website:
•
https://vermontbrainbee.com/2017-vermont-brain-bee-tba/
• Online Texts:
Neuroscience – Science of the Brain (International Brain Research
Organization)
• Brain Facts Booklet (Society for Neuroscience)
•
• Brain Facts Website:
• http://www.brainfacts.org
• Neuroscience for Kids website
• http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html
Neuroscience: the Study of the
Nervous System
• Central nervous system
Brain
• Spinal cord
•
• Peripheral nervous system
•
Autonomic nervous system
Plan for Today
• What are the cells of the Nervous System?
• What are the functional parts of the Nervous System?
•
Brain Tours
• Diseases of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
What’s in Gray Matter?
Nissl Stain (RNA)
retina.umh.es/Webvision/ VisualCortex.html
Silver Stain
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
1854-1934
http://www.madrimasd.org/cienciaysociedad/patrimonio/personajes/santiago_ramon_ycajal/Default.asp
Brainbow Transgenic Mice
Josh Sanes
Jeff Lichtman
http://golgi.harvard.edu/NewsEvents/News/SanesLichtman.html
Neurons
Dendrite – receives input
Soma (cell body) – cell organelles
Axon – conducts electrical impulse
(action potential)
Myelin: “insulation” for axon
Node of Ranvier = gap in myelin
Nerve terminal – contains
neurotransmitter vesicles
Synapse – communication with next
neuron
Neurons
Look different based on where they are and what they do
Cerebral
Cortex
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Pyramidal
neuron
Purkinje
neuron
Motor
neuron
Neuron connections
SYNAPSE
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/synaptic.swf
Each neuron in the brain receives thousands of synapses!
Neurotransmitters
• Small molecules
• Acetylcholine
• Biogenic amines
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•
•
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
• Peptides
• Substance P
• VIP & PACAP
• Somatostatin, cortistatin
• NPY, PPY
• Opioid peptides
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•
•
• Amino acids
•
•
•
•
Glycine
GABA
Glutamate
Aspartate
• Nitric oxide (gas)
• ATP, adenosine
• Endocannabinoids
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•
•
•
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Enkephalin
Endorphin
Dynorphin
CGRP
CCK
CART
Galanin
Leptin
Non-neuronal Cells
Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes
(myelin)
Microglia
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Anatomy and Function of the Nervous System
Brain Development
The Human Brain Doesn’t Stop
Developing Until You Are in Your 20’s!
• Egg -> divides -> many cells -> nervous system
• Neurons migrate and differentiate
• Axons grow out
•
http://www.jove.com/video/4232/neural-explant-cultures-from-xenopuslaevis
• Synapses form
• Important synapses are kept and unimportant ones are lost
Brain Anatomy: Cerebral Cortex
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
occipital
lobe
temporal lobe
http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS014.jpg
Brain
thalamus
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
brain stem
Brain Stem
midbrain
pons
medulla
Tamatha Barbeau, Francis Marion University
The Brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla
Dorsal View
Ventral View
© 2005 Pearson Education
Cranial Nerves
Memorial University
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves
•
Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very green vegetables…. Ah, Heaven
•
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Sensory
Sensory
Motor
Motor
Both
Motor
Both
Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor
Smell
Sight
Eye movement
Eye movement
Face sense, chew
Eye movement
Face movement, taste
Balance/hearing
Taste, swallow
Taste, heart rate
Swallow, head movement
Tongue movement
Spinal cord
The spinal cord doesn’t
span the length of the
spine!
Spinal Cord
The spinal nerves form the
cauda equina (“horses tail”)
© 2005 Pearson Education
Figure 13-2
Light signals
get processed
back up
through
layers
Light
travels
through
cell layers
Rachel Wong, University of Washington
Southern Illinois University
Autonomic Nervous System
“Fight or Flight”
“Rest and Digest”
Childhood Disorders
• Autism spectrum disorders
• Inability to interact and communicate effectively
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• Impulsivity; inability to focus; lack of attention
• Down syndrome
• Learning disability (3 copies of chromosome 21)
Neurodegenerative Disorders
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• age related loss of short term memory followed by dementia;
neurons die in hippocampus and cortex
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Loss of initiation of voluntary movement; dopamine containing
neurons in midbrain die
• Lou Gehrig’s Disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
• Paralysis; lack of movement, atrophy of muscles; motor neurons die
• Huntington’s Disease
• Unwanted movements; neurons in basal ganglia die
Keys to Success
•Have fun
•Be curious
•Ask questions, then seek answers
•Always want to learn!!