Download Endocrine and nervous systems

Endocrine and Nervous Systems
Jan 96,1
1. Which gland produces a hormone that directly increases blood supply to skeletal muscles and increases
the rate of contraction of heart muscle?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Jan 96,2
2. Which sequence illustrates a mechanism used by the body to control the blood glucose level?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Blood glucose increases  release of glucagon increases conversion of glycogen into
glucose decreases  blood glucose decreases
Blood glucose decreases  release of glucagon decreases  conversion of glycogen into
glucose decreases  blood glucose increases
Blood glucose increases release of insulin increases conversion of glucose into
glycogen increases  blood glucose decreases
Blood glucose decreases  release of insulin decreases  conversion of glucose into
glycogen increases  blood glucose increases
Jan 96,3
Use the following information to answer the next question
Diabetes insipidus is a disorder of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus
resulting in decreased secretion of a specific hormone. This disorder is characterized by the
excretion of large volumes of urine and subsequent dehydration and thirst.
A person with dibetes insipidus can be treated by inhaling a spray containing the hormone that is
deficient. The spray is inhaled several times a day.
3.
The inhaled spray would likely contain
A.
B.
C.
D.
insulin
glucagon
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
Jan 96, 4
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
When the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in Ukraine melted down, clouds of radioactive material
including iodine, were released into the atmosphere. Iodine is actively absorbed by a certain gland
in the body. Scientists were worried that the radioactive iodine would cause tumors in this gland.
In an attempt to avoid this problem, people who lived near the reactor were given large doses of
non-radioactive iodine.
4.
How would the ingestion large doses of non-radioactive iodine reduce a person’s chances of getting a
tumor in a particular gland?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The pituitary would become saturated with non-radioactive iodine and this would limit
the absorption of radioactive iodine
The thyroid would become saturated with non-radioactive iodine and this would limit the
absorption of radioactive iodine
Increased levels of iodine would stimulate hormonal production by the pituitary and limit
tumor formation
Increased levels of iodine would stimulate hormonal production by the thyroid and limit
tumor formation
Jan 96, 5
5. If a tumor caused increased secretion of thyroxine, which symptoms would likely be experienced by an
affected person?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Increased body temperature and increased metabolic rate
Increased body temperature and decreased metabolic rate
Decreased body temperature and increased metabolic rate
Decreased body temperature and decreased metabolic rate
Jan 96, 6
6. The pituitary hormone ACTH regulates the production of aldosterone by the cortex of the adrenal
glands. A severe drop in ACTH levels would likely result in
A.
B.
C.
D.
decreased sodium ion retention and increased water loss because aldosterone levels
would rise
decreased sodium ion retention and increased water loss because aldosterone levels
would drop
increased sodium ion retention and increased water retention because aldosterone levels
would rise
increased sodium ion retention and increased water retention because aldosterone levels
would drop
Jan 96,7
7. Sensory and motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses between muscles and
the
A.
B.
C.
D.
parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
endocrine system
Jan 96,8
8. Which sequence correctly shows the path of sound transmission in the ear?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tympanic membrane  eustachian tube  semicircular canals  cochlea
Tympanic membrane  semicircular canals  eustachian tube  cochlea
Auditory canal  ossicles  tympanic membrane  organ of Corti
Auditory canal  tympanic membrane  ossicles  organ of Corti
Jan 96,9
9. A person with a vitamin A deficiency may have night blindness. The glare from the headlights of an
approaching car will temporarily reduce that person’s visual capacity. The primary structures
associated with this change are the
A.
B.
C.
D.
cornea and lens
retina and rod cells
fovea and blind spot
choroid and cone cells
Jan 96,10
10. A person who occasionally experienced paralysis was examined and found to have very low levels of
potassium in the blood and other tissues. The paralysis likely resulted because of the inability of
A.
B.
C.
D.
capillaries to provide adequate blood flow
axon terminals to break down acetylcholine
neurons to repolarize during the refractory period
neurons to remove acetylcholine from the synapse
Jan 96,11
Use the following information to answer the next three questions
More than 4000 Gulf War veterans complain of illness (Gulf War Syndrome). The veterans’
symptoms include joint pain, shortness of breath, attention and memory problems, and chronic
fatigue. During the war, most of the veterans took anti-nerve-gas pills. These pills contain
pyridostigmine bromide, a drug that inhibits cholinesterase.
Pyridostigmine bromide is also used to treat patients with myasthenia gravis, an inherited disorder
characterized by weakness of skeletal muscles.
11. The role of cholinesterase in neural transmission is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
increase the rate of nerve impulse transmission
promote the breakdown of a neurotransmitter
increase the sensitivity of neural membranes
promote the synthesis of a neurotransmitter
Jan 96, 12
12. Considering that the symptoms of Gulf War Syndrome include attention and memory problems, it is
likely that pyridostigmine bromide has an effect on the
A.
B.
C.
D.
cerebrum
cerebellum
hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
Jan 96, 13
13. In myasthenia gravis, a malfunction of neuromuscular synapses occurs. The information presented
above indicates that the muscular weakness associated with this disorder occurs because
A.
B.
C.
D.
axons secrete excess acetylcholine
axons secrete insufficient acetylcholine
of increased permeability of membranes to sodium ions
of decreased permeability of membranes to potassium ions
Jan 96,14
Use the following information to answer the next question
Scientists had long assumed that the brain could not produce new cells. However, two researches
at the University of Calgary have successfully produced new brain tissue by using a unspecialized
brain cell known as a stem cell. This stem cell acts as a “mother” cell to produce healthy brain
tissue, in vitro.
14. Before this research, the assumption that brain cells could not regenerate was based upon which
characteristic of axons?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Axons of the peripheral nervous system are surrounded by a neurilemma
Axons of the central nervous system are surrounded by a neurilemma
Axons of the peripheral nervous system lack a neurilemma
Axons of the central nervous system lack a neurilemma
Jan 96,15
Use the following information to answer the next question
Parkinson’s disease destroys certain neurons in the brain. One treatment for Parkinson’s disease is to
transplant fetal brain tissue into a patient to replace neurons destroyed by the disease.
15. Which is a likely reason why fetal brain tissue, rather than brain tissue from an adult donor, is used to
treat Parkinson’s disease?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fetal neurons can undergo meiosis but adult neurons cannot
Fetal neurons can undergo mitosis but adult neurons cannot
Adult neurons are more complex than fetal neurons
Adult neurons are much larger than fetal neurons
Jun 96,1
Use the following information to answer the next question
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that causes the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding
neurons. People with MS display many symptoms, including slurred speech, double vision, and
poor muscle coordination.
16. What is the direct effect of MS on nerve impulse transmission?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Dendrites cannot be stimulated by acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not generated in
neurons.
Axons cannot secrete acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not able to travel across
synapses.
The threshold level of stimulation for neurons is greater than normal.
The movement of impulses along neurons is slower than normal.
Jun 96,2
Use the following information to answer the next question
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with the deterioration of memory and mental capacity due to
decreased production of acetylcholine and loss of up to three-quarters of the neurons in parts of the
brain.
17. Which phase of impulse transmission would be lacking in a person with Alzheimer’s disease?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Restoration of polarity in neurons
Excitation of postsynaptic neurons
Maintenance of resting potentials in neurons
Active transport of sodium and potassium in neurons
Jun 96,3
Use the following information to answer the next question
18. The voltage polarity is positive when
A.
B.
C.
D.
the neuron is resting
an impulse is being transmitted
an impulse dies out before reaching the axon
the neuron has a high concentration of K+ ions
Jun 96, 4
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
The tips of fingers are sensitive enough to discriminate raised points on a surface, as well as the
locations of these points. Knowing this, in the 19th century Louis Braille invented the Braille
system of reading for the blind. Each letter of a language alphabet is represented by up to six
raised dots. A blind person who has learned the Braille system can read up to 50 words a minute.
17. Would a person preparing Braille script have to know if the blind reader was left- or right-handed, and
thus change the order of the script accordingly?
A.
B.
C.
D.
No, because the sensations from both the right and left hand are carried by the spinal cord
into the same hemisphere of the cerebrum
No, because the sensations received separately by the left and right cerebral hemispheres
from the right and left hands are integrated before hey are interpreted into language
Yes, because the sensations from the right and left hands are carried to the left and right
cerebral hemispheres respectively, and therefore the information is interpreted reverse
order.
Yes, because the movements of the right and left hands are initiated by opposite sides of
the cerebral cortex.
Jun 96,5
18. This sentence can be read using the eyes, but it could also be read using the fingertips if the sentence
was printed in Braille. This fact illustrates that
A.
B.
C.
D.
the brain can form the same meaning from different sensations
nerve impulses initiated by touch are identical to the nerve impulses initiated by sight
receptors for touch and receptors for sight respond to the same environmental stimuli
the lobe of the brain that receives sensations from the eyes is the same as the lobe that
receives sensations from the fingers
Jun 96,6
19. Which is a correct description of some sensory receptors in the eye?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rods are concentrated in the fovea of the retina and function well in dim light
Cones are concentrated near the periphery of the retina and function well in dim light
Cones are concentrated in the fovea of the retina and function to detect colours
Rods are concentrated near the periphery of the retina and function to detect colours
Jun 96,7
Use the following information to answer the next question.
20. The detection of rotation of the head and the equalization of air pressure between the external
environment and the middle ear are, respectively, functions of structures
A.
B.
C.
D.
1 and 3
1 and 4
2 and 3
2 and 4
Jun 96,8
21. In humans, ADH and oxytocin can have similar effects. Therefore, a correct inference is that an
increase in the concentration of ADH in the blood may result in
A.
B.
C.
D.
increased urine volume
decrease metabolic rate
increased contraction of uterine muscle
decreased release of milk from the breasts
Jun 96,9
Use the following information to answer the next three questions
Vegetables such as cabbage, rutabaga, and turnips contain goitrin, a substance that inhibits iodine
uptake by the body.
22. A person with a diet high in vegetables containing goitrin may gain weight fairly rapidly. A possible
explanation for this weight would be
A.
B.
C.
D.
increased protein metabolism
decreased blood sugar levels
increased glycogen release
decreased metabolic rate
Jun 96,10
23. The function of which gland would be most affected by goitrin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Anterior pituitary
Adrenal cortex
Pancreas
Thyroid
Jun 96,11
24. An increase in goitrin consumption would likely cause a person to experience increased
A.
B.
C.
D.
fatigue
heart rate
breathing rate
urine production
Jun 97,1
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
25. This neuron transmits an impulse from a receptor to the central nervous system; therefore, it is
A.
B.
C.
D.
a motor neuron
a sensory neuron
an autonomic neuron
an association neuron
Jun 97,1
Numerical Response
1. In the diagrammed neuron, which numbers represent segments of the axon that are, respectively,
polarized, repolarized, and depolarized, during normal neural impulse conduction?
(Record your three-digit answer in the numerical-response section of the answer sheet.)
Answer:
_____________
polarized
_____________
repolarized
______________
depolarized
Jun 97,2
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Attachment of neurotransmitters to receptor molecules
Diffusion of neurotransmitters across the synapse
Destruction of the neurotransmitter by an enzyme
Exocytosis of the neurotransmitter
Numerical Response
2. Identify the sequence of events that would occur when a signal crosses the synapse.
(Record your four-digit answer in the numerical-response section of the answer sheet.)
Answer: ___________
Jun 97,2
Use the additional information to answer the next question
Serotonin is neurotransmitter found in the brain. Some studies show that too little serotonin may
cause depression and lead to a tendency to behave impulsively.
- from The Edmonton Journal
26. Excitatory neurotransmitters like serotonin
A.
B.
C.
D.
hyperpolarize a postsynaptic neural membrane
block the postsynaptic membrane’s receptor sites
increase the permeability of postsynaptic membranes to sodium
decrease the permeability of postsynaptic membranes to sodium
Jun 97,3
Use the following diagram to answer the next question
27. Which structure acts as a lever to mechanically amplify sound vibrations?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Structure 1
Structure 2
Structure 3
Structure 4
Jun 97,4
28. A person outside the gravitational field of Earth experiences disruption of normal functions of the
inner ear. The region of the brain processing the disruption and the ability affected by this disruption
are, respectively, the
A.
B.
C.
D.
cerebellum and the ability to walk a straight line
cerebrum and the ability to write legibly
cerebellum and the ability to hear
cerebrum and the ability to speak
Jun 97,5
Use the following information to answer the next question
29. For a person to experience sight, neural transmissions from structure X must reach which lobe of the
cerebrum?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The frontal lobe
The parietal lobe
The occipital lobe
The temporal lobe
Jun 97,6
30. After having a stroke, a person finds that he cannot contract muscles in his right arm and that he suffers
from speech impairment. The person probably has brain damage in the
A.
B.
C.
D.
left side of the cerebrum
right side of the cerebrum
left side of the cerebellum
right side of the cerebellum
Jun 97,7
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
Polygraphs (lie detectors) monitor some changes in some activities of the nervous system. In theory, an
emotionally stressful situation like telling lies will increase perspiration, increase breathing and heart
rates, and cause slight dilation of pupils. However, polygraphs cannot exclusively differentiate
between telling lies and other stressful situations.
31. The physiological changes that are associated with telling lies are responses produced by impulses
coming from
A.
B.
C.
D.
motor nerves of the somatic nervous system
sensory nerves of the somatic nervous system
sympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system
Jun 97,8
32. Emotionally stressful situations may affect more than one system of the body. Another possible
response produced by telling lies would be
A.
B.
C.
D.
decrease secretion of ADH
increased secretion of insulin
decreased secretion of glucagon
increased secretion of epinephrine
Jun 97,9
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
On April 26, 1986, a major accident occurred at a nuclear generating station in Chernobyl. The
nuclear explosion dispersed several tons of radioactive iodine, cesium, uranium, and other
elements five kilometers into the air.
Radioactivity is extremely damaging to living cells.
- from Biosphere 2000: Protecting Our Global Environment
33. As soon as people in Europe realized there had been a nuclear accident, they rushed to buy iodine
tablets. What reason would people have for consuming large quantities of iodine?
A.
B.
C.
D.
So that iodine form the tablets, instead of the radioactive iodine, would accumulate in the
thyroid
Because iodine, by negative feedback, blocks the formation of TSH, therefore protecting
the thyroid from radioactivity
Because iodine inhibits cell division, thereby reducing the amount of cellular damage
occurring during exposure to radiation
So that iodine could accumulate in the hypothalamus and block communication between
the nervous and endocrine systems
Jun 97,10
34. Which symptoms would be expected among people who did not take iodine tablets?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Pancreatic dysfunction and insufficient insulin production
Metabolic dysfunction resulting in fatigue and weight gain
Increased ACTH secretion and puffiness of face, chest, and abdomen
Pituitary dysfunction resulting in increased HGH secretion and thus giantism
Jun 97,11
Use the following diagram to answer the next question
35. Hormones X and Y, respectively, are
A.
B.
C.
D.
insulin and glucagon
glucagon and insulin
insulin and epinephrine
epinephrine and insulin
Jun 97, 12
Use the following information to answer the next question
Control of the Secretion of Hormone 1 and Hormone 2
36. If Gland 1 is the pituitary gland, the row that identifies Hormone1, Gland 2, and Hormone 2 is
Row
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hormone 1
FSH
TSH
FSH
ADH
Gland 2
Testes
Thyroid
Ovaries
kidney
Hormone 2
testosterone
thyroxine
progesterone
aldosterone
Jun 97,13
Use the following information to answer the next question
A steroid hormone secreted from a gland attaches to a binding protein and travels in the blood plasma to a target
organ. The hormone is released from the binding protein, enters a target cell, and binds to a specific receptor
molecule.
37. A steroid hormone likely alters cell function when a hormone-receptor complex
A.
B.
C.
D.
produces enzymes necessary for protein synthesis
enables DNA to leave the nucleus to synthesize proteins
translates mRNA required for protein synthesis in the nucleus
activated genes responsible for the synthesis of particular proteins
Jan 98,1
While animals interact with their external environment, their nervous and endocrine systems maintain
internal equilibrium. The study of organisms and of disease processes has helped extend our
knowledge of these system.
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
38. Which of the following statements is true of the threshold potential?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is the same electrical potential for all neurons
It is the depolarization required to generate an action potential
It determines the time it takes for an action potential to be completed
It determines the time it takes for an impulse to travel along the axon
Jan 98,2
39. Relative to inside of a neuron, the extracellular fluid immediately outside a resting neuron’s cell
membrane is
A.
B.
C.
D.
positive and the sodium ion concentration is less
negative and the sodium ion concentration is less
positive and the sodium ion concentration is greater
negative and the sodium ion concentration is greater
Jan 98,1
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
Processes That Occur at a Neuromuscular Junction
(A Type of Synapse)
1
Muscle fibres contract when sodium gates open allowing sodium ions to diffuse into the muscle
cytoplasm
Acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal
Acetylcholine binds to the receptors on the muscle cell
Cholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine, and the sodium gates close
2
3
4
-from Guyton
Numerical Response
3. An impulse arrives at an axon terminal that synapses with a muscle cell. Record the processes in the
order that they occur at the synapse
(Record your four-digit answer in the numerical-response section of the answer sheet.)
Answer: _____________
Jan 98,3
40. Certain chemicals inhibit cholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions. The resulting muscular spasms
occur because of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
depletion of cholinesterase in the presynaptic neuron
depletion of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction
accumulation of cholinesterase in the presynaptic neuron
accumulation of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction
Jan 98,4
Use the following information to answer the next question
Twenty-two once-paralyzed rats can now move their hind legs and even take awkward steps.
Their damaged spinal cords have been partially repaired by surgically grafting nerve fibers
from another part of their bodies to the damaged area.
-from Flam
41. The division of the nervous system that was damaged in these rats is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
central nervous system
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
Jan 98,5
Use the following information to answer the next three questions
42. Neurotransmitters are released from
A.
B.
C.
D.
site X
site Z
sites X and Y
sites X and Z
Jan 98,6
43. If neurons I and II are interneurons, neuron III cannot be a
A.
B.
C.
D.
parasympathetic neuron
sympathetic neuron
sensory neuron
motor neuron
Jan 98,7
44. In a typical reflex arc, neuron III would be part of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
effector
receptor
motor pathway
sensory pathway
Jan 98,8
45. When adaptation of the eye occurs to view objects in a dark room
A.
B.
C.
D.
the pupil increases in size and the rods become active
the pupil decreases in size and the rods become active
the pupil increases in size and the cones become active
the pupil decreases in size and the cones become active
Jan 98,9
Use the following information to answer the next question
Sensory hair cells in the inner ear can be damaged by excessive noise or certain drugs. This
may cause deafness or balance disorders. Research suggests that these cells have the ability to
regenerate. In one study, the damaged inner ear tissue of guinea pigs was cultured in a dish.
The damaged tissue produced new sensory hair cells.
- from Gutin
46. Which parts of the ear contain these sensory hair cells?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Auditory nerve and cochlea
Eardrum and auditory nerve
Eustachian tube and eardrum
Cochlea and semicircular canals
Jan 98,10
Use the following information to answer the next question
47. Normally, inhibition of the pituitary gland would occur if the secretion of hormone X
A.
B.
C.
D.
increased, causing a decrease in the secretion of hormone Y
decreased, causing a decrease in the secretion of hormone Y
increased, causing an increase in the secretion of hormone Y
decreased, causing an increase in the secretion of hormone Y
Jan 98,11
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
Stressful situations trigger the release of hormones such as cortisol. Recent studies have found
that some forms of depression cause a similar hormonal response that lasts much longer than
the normal stress response. This unregulated release of stress hormones may result in reduced
appetite, an unresponsive immune system, inadequate tissue repair, and insomnia.
48. Another stress hormone whose functions mimic those of the sympathetic nervous system is
A.
B.
C.
D.
HCG
insulin
estrogen
norepinephrine
Jan 98,12
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
A dog with a malfunctioning pituitary gland received injections of ACTH. Data were collected after the
dog’s injections.
Rate of Cortisol Secretion After the Injection of
Varying Amounts of ACTH
49. A logical interpretation of the graph is that the
A.
B.
C.
D.
secretion of cortisol is inhibited by increased ACTH
secretion of cortisol is doubled if the secretion of ACTH is doubled
adrenal glands respond more quickly to small amounts of ACTH than to large amounts of
ACTH
adrenal glands respond to large amounts of ACTH by having a maximum cortisol
secretion rate
Jan 98,13
Use the following information to answer the next question
In 1947, E. B. Verney published the results of a series of experiments that he had conducted
on a number of dogs. He found that if he injected a concentrated salt solution into the
bloodstream, hypothalamus, and ventricles of the brain, hormone “X” was released in large
amounts
50. Hormone “X” was most likely
A.
B.
C.
D.
ADH
ACTH
oxytocin
aldosterone
Jan 98,14
51. The endocrine function of the pancreas was studied in Canada using dogs as experimental animals. The
pancreatic cells with an endocrine function are
A.
B.
C.
D.
islet cells
blood cells
Sertoli cells
interstitial cells
Jan 98,15
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
Bovine somatotropin (BST) is a growth hormone that has been produced using biotechnology
since 1970. BST increases milk production by 10% to 20% when injected into milk-producing
cows. BST increases nutrient absorption from the bloodstream into the cow’s mammary gland.
-from Harpp and Joseph
52. BST could probably be obtained naturally from which gland in a cow?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pituitary
Pnacreatic
Jan 98,16
53. In a cow’s mammary gland, BST is most similar in its effect to
A.
B.
C.
D.
estrogen
oxytocin
prolactin
progesterone
Jan 98,17
54. In humans, when iodine levels are adequate, abnormally high TSH secretion would likely result in
A.
B.
C.
D.
nervousness and weight gain
nervousness and weight loss
sleepiness and weight gain
sleepiness and weight loss
Jan 98,18
Use the following information to answer the next question
Several studies have indicated that sperm counts in humans have declined over the past 25
years. Increased levels of chemicals in the environment that mimic estrogen have been
found in substances ranging from detergents to plastic wrappers. These chemicals are a
suspected cause of the decline in sperm counts.
-from Stainsby
55. Males exposed to high levels of these estrogen-mimicking chemicals could experience
A.
B.
C.
D.
development of breasts
development of ovaries
increased growth of muscles
increased growth of facial hair
Jun 98,1
Use the following information to answer the next question
The symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease gradually appear as affected individuals age. One
symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is a loss of memory. Studies have shown that the
administration of the hormone estrogen to female patients with Alzheimer’s disease
dramatically improved their memory.
-from Calgary Herald, 1996
56. It appears that the hormone estrogen has an effect on the
A.
B.
C.
D.
cerebrum
cerebellum
hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
Jun 98,2
Use the following information to answer the next question
After a head injury, a mountain biker was assessed by a doctor. One of the tests the doctor did
was to gently tap just below her kneecap. Also, he shone a light into each of her eyes and made
observations. In both tests, he was trying to quickly rule out any neurological damage.
57. Assume that the biker’s nervous system was not injured and that the biker’s body responded in a
normal way to the gentle tap. The neurological pathway that was followed when this response was
elicited was
A.
B.
C.
D.
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
effector, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, receptor
receptor, motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron, effector
effector, motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron, receptor
Jun 98,3
Use the following information to answer the next question
Diving improperly into a swimming pool or into a lake may cause injuries that damage the
spinal cord. the victims of these injuries often suffer loss of the sensation of heat and touch
on the skin and paralysis of muscles below the site of the injury.
58. Paralysis of muscles below the site of a spinal cord injury is often permanent because neurons in the
grey matter of the spinal cord all lack a
A.
B.
C.
D.
nucleus
dendrite
cell body
neurilemma
Jun 98,4
Use the following information to answer the next question
59. The resting axon is labeled
A.
B.
C.
D.
W
X
Y
Z
Jun 98,5
Use the following information to answer the next question
60. Destruction of the synaptic vesicles of Neuron 1 will
A.
B.
C.
D.
block the nerve impulse at W
cause X to be constantly stimulated
prevent depolarizations from occurring at Y
result in the action of cholinesterase in Neuron 2
Jun 98,1
Use the following information to answer the next question
Bats emit a high-frequency “chirp” as they fly. They listen for the reflection of this sound off
of moths, their food, by interpreting the time it takes for the sound to return, they can
effectively catch moths, even in total darkness.
- from Curtis, 1983
Numerical Response
4. Assume that the ear structure of bats is similar to that of humans. What pathway would these “chirp”
sound waves take through the ear to be detected by the temporal lobe?
Structures of the Ear
1 Semicircular canals
2 Organ of Corti
3 Eustachian tube
4 Tympanic membrane
5 Auditory canal
6 Ossicles
(Record your four-digit answer in the numerical-response section of the answer sheet.)
Answer: _____ _____ _____ _____
Jun 98,6
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
61. When glaucoma occurs, the part of cerebrum that does not receive visual information is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
Jun 98,7
Use the additional information to answer the next question
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye that is closely related to aging. It may also be the
result of a direct injury to the eye. In this disorder, sections of the retina become separated
from the layer behind it. Fluid fills the resulting spaces.
-from Taber, 1989
62. Blindness due to optic nerve damage and blindness due to retinal detachment are similar because they
both
A.
B.
C.
D.
involve damaged receptors
affect blood flow to the eye
involve damaged occipital lobes
affect nerve impulse transmission to the brain
Jun 98,8
Use the following information to answer the next four questions
63. The gland that is directly stimulated by the nervous system to secrete hormones is the structure labeled
A.
B.
C.
D.
2
3
4
5
Jun 98,9
64. The structure that produces only hormones is labeled
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
5
6
Jun 98,10
65. A target organ for aldosterone is the structure labeled
A.
B.
C.
D.
3
5
6
7
Jun 98,11
66. A patient is suffering from weight gain, sluggishness, and dry skin. The patient is injected with a
tracer, radioactive iodine, to identify the structure responsible for these symptoms. The tracer would
most likely accumulate in the structure labeled
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
4
7
Jun 98,12
67. When the hypothalamus fails to produce ADH, the physiological effect that is most likely is
A.
B.
C.
D.
muscle spasms
loss of memory
decreased breathing rate
increased urine production
Jun 98,13
Use the following information to answer the next question.
68. If the physiological factor influencing this negative feedback loop were the metabolic rate, then 1, 2,
and 3, respectively, would be the
A.
B.
C.
D.
hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid
thyroid, hypothalamus, and pituitary
pituitary, thyroid, and hypothalamus
pituitary, hypothalamus, and thyroid
Jun 98,14
69. The response to increased glucose levels in the blood is the conversion of glucose to glycogen. This
response is the result of the secretion of
A.
B.
C.
D.
insulin by the adrenal medulla
glucagon by the adrenal medulla
insulin by the islets of Langerhans
glucagon by the islets of Langerhans
Jun 98,15
70. While playing a vigorous game of basketball, a person’s overall rate of metabolism increases. Which
two hormone levels rise so that blood glucose levels meet the needs of the increased metabolic rate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cortisol and ADH
Steroids and HGH
Insulin and acetylcholine
Epinephrine and glucagon
Jun 98,16
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
HGH is a protein. Biosynthetic HGH is used in the treatment of Turner syndrome, a disorder
occurring in females as a result of nondisjunction; the sex chromosome complement is XO
instead of the normal XX. Untreated females with Turner syndrome grow only to the height of
an average ten-year-old.
-From Leger, 1994
71. In humans, HGH directly stimulates the
A.
B.
C.
D.
gonads
adrenal glands
muscles and peripheral nerves
long bones and skeletal muscles
Jun 98,17
72. Why might nondisjunction produce more serious effects on the population if it were present in gametes
produced by a female rather than in gametes produced by a male?
A.
B.
C.
D.
An egg (ovum) is larger than a sperm
Fewer eggs (ova) are produced than sperm
An egg mother cell (oogonium) divides twice but a sperm mother cell (spermatogonium)
divides only once
An egg mother cell (oogonium) divides equally but a sperm mother cell
(spermatogonium) divides unequally
Jun 99,1
Use the following information to answer the first three questions
“It begins in your gut and quickly spreads to your heart and head. Your confidence is swept
away with dark foreboding as your heart races and your stomach becomes nauseous.”
This description was given by a person experiencing a “panic attack” induced by the injection of
cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK is a molecule with different functions in different parts of the
body. In the brain, it acts as a neurotransmitter that normally regulates memory and recall. It also
arouses the emotional and motivational regions of the brain. A gene that encodes CCK has been
located.
-from Hall, 1996
73. Persons affected by panic attacks appear to be “sensitive” to CCK. This hypothesis would be supported
if such persons were found to have
A.
B.
C.
D.
low levels of CCK
impaired production of CCK
CCK inhibitors at these synapses
Excess postsynaptic receptors for CCK
Jun 99,2
74. After mRNA has been produced, the production of CCK is the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
translation
replication
transcription
recombination
Jun 99,3
75. Injections of CCK produce responses similar to those produced by the stimulation of
A.
B.
C.
D.
interneurons
sensory neurons
sympathetic motor neurons
parasympathetic motor neurons
Jun 99,4
Use the following information to answer the next three questions
Two symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are lack of muscular coordination and tremors, both caused
by inadequate amounts of dopamine. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include the deterioration
of memory and mental abilities, possibly caused by a decrease in acetylcholine production.
Dopamine and acetylcholine are excitatory neurotransmitters in various parts of the brain.
76. For the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine, the releasing sites and the receptor sites are,
respectivly,
A.
B.
C.
D.
cell bodies and dendrites
dendrites and Schwann cells
axon terminals and dendrites
axon terminals and Schwann cells
Jun 99,5
77. What role do both dopamine and acetylcholine have when they function as excitatory
neurotransmitters?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They make the presynaptic membrane more permeable to K + ions
They make the presynaptic membrane more permeable to Na + ions
They make the postsynaptic membrane more permeable to K+ ions
They make the postsynaptic membrane more permeable to Na + ions
Jun 99,6
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
Damage to neurons in different parts of the brain appears to cause Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s diseases.
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a chemical produced by peripheral nerves, promotes axon
regeneration. Studies show that neurons of the CNS are capable of regeneration when NGF
is produced by genetically engineered cells that are transplanted in the CNS.
- from Greene, 1993
78. Would it be reasonable to use NGF to regenerate neurons in which nuclei had been destroyed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Yes, because not all cells require a nucleus to function
Yes, because organelles other than the nucleus cause growth
No, because the nucleus controls protein synthesis and homeostasis
No, because without the nucleus to actively transport ions, the cell would die
Jun 99,7
79. Which of the following situations illustrates that simple reflexes can be controlled through learned
behaviour or conscious effort?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A student cries “ouch” after pulling his hand away from a sharp pin
A knee jerk occurs when the patellar ligament below the kneecap is tapped
While clenching a textbook against his chest, a student has an exaggerated knee jerk
Even though she is burned, a mother does not drop a pot of boiling water when her child
is standing at her side
Jun 99,8
Use the following information to answer the next question
Age and Eye Accommodation
Age in Years
Near Point Accommodation* (cm)
10
7.5
20
10.0
30
11.5
40
17.2
50
65.9
60
90.0
*The shortest distance between the eye and an object where focus of the object is achieved.
-from Aschmidt and Thews, 1983
80. After studying the data, a student stated, “From age 10 to age 60, the eye has an ever-increasing ability
to focus on nearby objects.” This statement represents
A.
B.
C.
D.
a restatement of the data
a theory supported by the data
an interpretation supported by the data
an interpretation contradicted by the data
Jun 99,9
Use the following information to answer the next question
81. Which of the following statements presents a valid interpretation of the information on the graph?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A temperature of 5oC is less painful than a temperature of 50oC
A sensation of coolness is interpreted only when two types of receptors are stimulated
The threshold level of stimulation is higher for temperature receptors than it is for pain
receptors
Temperature sensations are determined by the number of impulses per second and the
specific type of receptors
Jun 99,10
Use the following information to answer the next three questions
Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage, which leads to a deterioration of short-term
memory and an inability to coordinate muscle movements.
82. The areas of the brain affected by mercury poisoning as indicated by the above symptoms are, as
respectively, the
A.
B.
C.
D.
cerebrum and medulla
cerebellum and cerebrum
cerebrum and cerebellum
hypothalamus and cerebellum
Jun 99,11
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
Mercury poisoning also affects the pituitary gland in such a way that frequent urination results.
83. Mercury compounds most likely affect the level of the hormone
A.
B.
C.
D.
LH
FSH
ADH
ACTH
Jun 99,12
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
Certain mercury compounds are able to cross the placenta and thereby affect embryological
development.
-from Hedegard, 1993
84. Exposure to mercury compounds during embryological development would most likely disrupt the
A.
B.
C.
D.
production of amniotic fluid
development of the neural tube
production of ovarian hormones
development of the umbilical cord
Jun 99,13
Use the following information to answer the next question
For hundreds of years, Chinese folk doctors have known an intriguing but mysterious fact.
Drinking herbal tea brewed with a type of club moss (Huperzia serrata) can improve a person’s
memory.
About ten years ago, researchers at the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica isolated a compound
from the tea that is a strong inhibitor of cholinesterase. The compound, called huperzine A, and its
effect on acetylcholine are the subjects of intense research. Researchers hope to use huperzine A
as an over-the-counter drug and as a potential medication for Alzheimer’s disease.
-from Cheng, Ren and Tang, 1996
85. If huperzine A were present in synapses between motor neurons and muscles, it would
A.
B.
C.
D.
prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine
prevent the contraction of skeletal muscles
cause the release of sodium ions from axon terminals
cause the secretion of acetylcholine from axon terminals
Jun 99,14
Use the following information to answer the next three questions
During stressful experiences, interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems prepare
the body to defend itself or to handle injury.
86. Which hormone is released as a direct result of sympathetic motor neuron stimulation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
HGH
Thyroxine
Aldosterone
Epinephrine
Jun 99,15
Use the following additional information to answer the next two questions
87. If blood glucose levels change, the pancreas will
A.
B.
C.
D.
stop hormone secretions because the target cells are not working
produce a more active form of the hormone that stimulates the target cells
cause other endocrine glands to secrete hormones that stimulate the target cells
increase the secretion of the appropriate hormone that stimulates the target cells
Jun 99,16
88. The names of hormones X and Y are, respectively,
A.
B.
C.
D.
insulin and glucagon
glucagon and insulin
glycogen and insulin
insulin and glycogen
Jan 00,1
Use the following information to answer the first two questions
A group of psychologists wondered if inhaling pure oxygen could enhance a person’s mental
capacity. They tested forty-five students.
These students breathed through a facemask for one minute. They were either given pure oxygen
or normal air, but they did not know which. Those receiving pure oxygen could recall twice as
many words as those receiving normal air.
-from Mihill, 1996
89. The part of the brain that is directly responsible for the recall of previously learned words is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
cerebrum
cerebellum
pituitary gland
medulla oblongata
Jan 00,2
90. The part of the brain that controls the unconscious rate of breathing is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
cerebrum
cerebellum
pituitary gland
medulla oblongata
Jan 00,3
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
Movement of hair cells in normal ears opens tiny pores called ion channels in the nerve cell
membrane. This process begins impulse transmission along the auditory nerve.
91. Nerve impulse transmission continues along the nerve cell membrane as
A.
B.
C.
D.
a wave of depolarization
a negative feedback loop
a diffusing wave of summation
the active transport of an electrical potential
Jan 00,4
92. The part of the ear directly responsible for stimulating the nerve endings that transmit sound impulses
from the ear to the brain is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
cochlea
eardrum
Eustachian tube
semicircular canal
Jan 00,5
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
Many predatory birds such as eagles have two foveae in each eye. The fovea in predatory birds is
similar in structure and function to the fovea in humans. In addition, these birds have strong powers of
near and far accommodation.
-from Curtis, 1983
93. If an eagle’s brain were similar in structure to a human brain, impulses that begin in the retina of the
eagle’s eye would travel first to the
A.
B.
C.
D.
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
Jan 00,6
94. Strong near and far accommodation in the eye require
A.
B.
C.
D.
small blind spots
a large number of rods
a large number of cones
highly developed ciliary muscles
Jan 00,1
Use the following diagram to answer the next question.
Numerical Response
5. Identify the structure, as numbered above that performs each of the functions given below.
Structure: __________
__________
Function: Transmits impulses Receives sensory
to the central
nervous system
stimulation
__________
__________
Carries out
instructions from
the central nervous
system; is a
muscle
Transmits impulses
from the central
nervous system to
the effector
(Record your four-digit answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.)
Jan 00,7
95. Jogging will cause heart rate to change because of
A.
B.
C.
D.
increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic impulses
decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic impulses
increased sympathetic and decreased central nervous system impulses
decreased sympathetic and increased central nervous system impulses
Jan 00,8
96. Damage to which of the following endocrine glands would most affect the reaction of the body to an
emergency that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
anterior pituitary gland
posterior pituitary gland
Jan 00,9
Use the following information to answer the next question
Oxytocin and ADH are synthesized by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. These hormones are
stored in the posterior pituitary. They can then be released into the bloodstream where they circulate to
target cells.
97. In a human female, where are the target cells for ADH and oxytocin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
in the kidney tubules and ovaries
in the Bowman’s capsule and the ovaries
in the kidney tubules and uterine muscles
in the Bowman’s capsule and the uterine muscles
Jan 00,10
Use the following information to answer the next question
98. In humans, high levels of GnRF cause the pituitary to release
A.
B.
C.
D.
LH and FSH
LH and estrogen
progesterone and FSH
estrogen and progesterone
Jan 00,2
Use the following information to answer the next question
Responses Stimulated by Hormones
1 Release of thyroxine
2 Development of bones and muscles
3 Water reabsorption by kidneys
4 Development of follicle and sperm
5 Ovulation and maintenance of the corpus luteum
6 Milk production
Numerical Response
6. Identify the response, as numbered above, that would be stimulated by each of the hormones given
below.
Response: __________
Hormone: STH (HGH)
__________
LH
__________
TSH
___________
FSH
(Record your four-digit answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.)
Jan 00,21
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
Yaws, bejel, and syphilis are three diseases known to be caused by strains of bacteria in the
genus Treponema. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, whereas yaws and bejel are
not sexually transmitted. Studies of 800-year-old to 1,600-year-old skeletons from Florida,
Equador, and New Mexico show that these people suffered from syphilis. Studies on
6,000-year-old skeletons from Illinois, Virginia, and Ohio show that these people suffered
from yaws.
-from Zabludoff, 1996
99. Which of the following conclusions can be made about these related diseases?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A person can easily contract syphilis in warm climates
The syphilis strain of Treponema may have mutated from the yaws strain
Non-sexually transmitted diseases have developed from sexually transmitted diseases
Older people tend to suffer from yaws, and younger victims develop syphilis when
exposed to Treponema.
Jan 00,22
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
The symptoms of untreated syphilis usually disappear within 12 weeks of the initial infection.
However, new symptoms may appear many years later. These include damage to neurons of
the central nervous system.
-from Zabludoff, 1996
100. The neurons damaged by syphilis are
A.
B.
C.
D.
interneurons
sensory neurons
somatic motor neurons
autonomic motor neurons
Jun 00,1
Use the following information to answer the first two questions
101. After riding the Tilt-A-Turn at an amusement park, people are often dizzy. Which of the structures
numbered above is initially stimulated to cause the sensation of dizziness?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Structure 1
Structure 2
Structure 3
Structure 5
Jun 00,2
102. Which of the structures numbered above function together to convert sound waves to mechanical
vibrations, and then to amplify these vibrations?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Structures 6 and 1
Structures 5 and 2
Structures 6 and 3
Structures 5 and 4
Jun 00,3
Use the following information to answer the first three questions
A man was injured in an automobile accident. There appeared to be damage to his back, his arm, and his
head.
A doctor examined the man, noted some symptoms, and hypothesized that nerve damage had occurred.
103. Which of the following rows correlates possible observations about the accident victim with locations
of nerve damage?
Row
Possible Observations
A.
The man could not move his wrist and could not
feel sensations from his hand
The man could move his wrist normally but could
not feel sensations from his hand
The man could not move his wrist but could feel
sensations from his hand
The man could move his wrist normally and could
feel sensations in his hand
B.
C.
D.
Locations of Nerve
Damage
1 and 2
1 and 4
2 and 3
2 and 4
Jun 00,4
104. If, following the accident, the man exhibited a marked changed in personality, the doctor would
suspect damage to the
A.
B.
C.
D.
medulla
cerebrum
cerebellum
hypothalamus
Jun 00,5
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
Research has shown that although interneurons in the spinal cord make proteins that inhibit
regeneration of damaged axons, peripheral nerve axons can regenerate.
105. The structure that allows neurons of peripheral nerves to regenerate is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
axon
dendrite
neurilemma
node of Ranvier
Jun 00,6
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
A laboratory technician was asked to set up an experiment to determine the effect of thyroxine on
metabolic rate. Four groups of adult male laboratory rats were used. Each group was placed in the
same type of cage, which was designed to provide room for physical activity. Each of the four
groups was given an adequate supply of water and one of the four diets listed below:
Diet W: rat chow, a preparation of rat food containing all essential nutrients
Diet X: rat chow containing a chemical that counteracts the effect of thyroxine in the body
Diet Y: rat chow containing dried thyroid tissue, which contains thyroxine
Diet Z: rat chow deficient in iodine
The technician was not aware of which diet she was feeding to each group of rats. The following
data were obtained:
Group
I
Average Initial Weight
(g)
323
Average Final Weight
After Two Weeks (g)
392
Final Average Oxygen
Consumption
(mL/kgmin)
2.5
II
328
287
10.0
III
330
400
2.0
IV
315
320
4.0
106. According to the data table, which group of rats was most likely the control group?
A.
B.
C.
D.
I
II
III
IV
Jun 00,7
107. The row below that correctly identifies two groups of laboratory rats and the diets they were most
probably fed is
Row
A.
B.
C.
D.
Group
I
I
II
III
Diet
Z
W
Y
Z
Group
II
IV
III
IV
Diet
W
X
X
Y
Jun 00,8
Use the following information to answer the next three questions
Serotonin is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter that plays an important role in a person’s
mood and emotions. A shortage of serotonin has been associated with phobias,
schizophrenia, aggressive behaviour, depression, uncontrolled appetite, and migraine
headaches. Synthetic drugs have been developed to enhance or hinder the performance of
serotonin in the brain. Some of these drugs included:
I Prozac and Zoloft, which cause serotonin to remain in the brain for longer periods of time
II Drugs, such as Clozapine, that prevent serotonin from binding to post-synaptic
membranes
III Diet drugs, such as Redux and Fenfluramine that stimulate nerve cells to release more
serotonin
IV Hallucinogens, such as LSD and Ecstasy, that react directly with serotonin receptors to
produce the same effect as serotonin.
-from Lemonick, 1997
108. The drugs numbered above that would act as competitive inhibitors to serotonin and the drugs that
would slow down the rate of removal of serotonin from the synapse are, respectively,
A.
B.
C.
D.
I and III
II and I
II and III
III and IV
Jun 00,9
109. If a person were suffering from clinical depression, which of the following drugs would not reduce the
symptoms of depression?
A.
B.
C.
D.
LSD
Zoloft
Clozapine
Fenfluramine
Jun 00,10
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
110.
Row
A.
B.
C.
D.
Released from structure
W
X
Y
Z
Found in the
axon terminal
dendrite
axon terminal
dendrite
Jun 00,11
Use the following information to answer the next two questions
Many scientists believe that sleep cycles are influenced by the hormone melatonin. Two
scientists have shown that the retinas in hamsters are involved in maintaining a 24-hour cycle.
Their research shows that impulses sent from the retina to the brain after exposure to light
influence the secretions of melatonin. Melatonin is normally produced in greater amounts at
night when the eyes are exposed to less light. In humans, melatonin produces drowsiness.
111. Melatonin secretion decreases when light stimulates receptors found in the structure labeled
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
Jun 00,12
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
Scientists have discovered that, in many mammals, light exposure effects schedules of
reproduction. Decreased light exposure in early winter results in a decrease in fertility in
these mammals.
-from Norman and Litwack, 1997
112. Increased melatonin release due to decreased light exposure would reduce fertility in female mammals
if it
A.
B.
C.
D.
caused an increase in the secretion of LH
caused an increase in the secretion of FSH
stimulated the release of hormones from the pituitary
prevented the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormones form the hypothalamus
Jun 00,13
Use the following additional information to answer the next three questions
Researchers have been studying the connection between maternal care and stress in rats.
Those rats that received more licking and grooming as babies release lower levels of
ACTH in response to stress as adults. In humans, high levels of stress hormones are linked
to an increase in heart disease, diabetes, depression, and alcoholism.
-from Strauss, 1997
113. In this study, the manipulated variable, responding variable, and a possible fixed (controlled) variable
are given in row
Row
A.
B.
C.
D.
Manipulated Variable
amount of licking by
mother rats
amount of ACTH
released in adult rats
amount of stress in
environment
amount of licking by
mother rats
Responding Variable
amount of ACTH
released in adult rats
amount of licking by
mother rats
amount of ACTH
released in adult rats
heart disease in adult
rats
Fixed Variable
rat’s cage size
age of mother rats
amount of licking by
mother rats
amount of ACTH
released in adult rats
Jun 00,14
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
114. Humans, as well as rats, release ACTH in response to stress. The row below that identifies the gland
that secretes ACTH and the target gland of ACTH in humans is
Row
A.
B.
C.
D.
Secreting Gland
1
1
2
2
Target Gland
2
3
4
5
Jun 00,15
115. When a person, or a rat, is exposed to stressful situation, the response of the nervous system is the
activation of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
sympathetic nervous system and the release of epinephrine by post-ganglionic fibres
sympathetic nervous system and the release of acetylcholine by post-ganglionic fibres
parasympathetic nervous system and the release of epinephrine by post-ganglionic fibres
parasympathetic nervous system and the release of acetylcholine by post-ganglionic
fibres
Jan 01,1
Use the following information to answer the first question
After accidentally hitting your thumb with a hammer, you immediately withdraw your hand.
You do not feel pain for a short period of time.
116. This sequence of events may be explained by the fact that the
A.
B.
C.
D.
threshold of the receptor has been so greatly exceeded that the neuron does not pass the
message to the brain
neural impulse is so large that the brain is unable to interpret the signal because it is
beyond the range of tolerance
neural processing occurred in the spinal cord first, which caused you to quickly remove
your thumb from further damage
sensory receptors in the thumb were damaged by the blow and are unable to initiate a
stimulus to the sensory nerve
Jan 01,2
117. Stimulation of an individual’s sympathetic nervous system in response to imminent danger leads to all
of the following responses except
A.
B.
C.
D.
dilation of the pupils of the eyes
constriction of the bronchioles of the lungs
constriction of the arterioles of the intestines
dilation of the arterioles of the skeletal muscles
Jan 01,3
Use the following information to answer the next question
118. The part of the motor neuron that may release acetylcholine is labelled
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
Jan 01,4
119.What would happen if acetylcholine was released at a synapse, but no cholinesterase was present?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The acetylcholine would fail to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron
The acetylcholine would diffuse more rapidly across the synaptic cleft
A single nerve impulse would be generated in the postsynaptic neuron
The postsynaptic neuron would remain in a constant state of depolarization
Jan 01,5
Use the following information to answer the next question
The brain neurotransmitter dopamine is linked to the good feelings associated with actions
such as receiving a friendly hug. When cocaine is present in synapses, it binds with dopamine
transporters producing similar emotional effects. Normally, dopamine transporters carry
dopamine back into the cells where it was formed.
-from Page, 1997
119. Dopamine transmission is affected when dopamine transporters, which normally carry dopamine back
to the cell that formed it, are occupied by cocaine. The effects of cocaine occur because dopamine
A.
B.
C.
D.
is produced in increased concentration
remains in the synapse in high concentration
levels drop rapidly as the molecules react with cocaine
is transported very effectively to the postsynaptic neuron
Jan 01,6
Use the following information to answer the next question
Morphine is a drug obtained from the opium plant. It is routinely given to postoperative
patients on a short-term basis for pain. At high doses, it causes breathing and heart contraction
to become suppressed.
120. What area of the brain is affected by high doses of morphine?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Pituitary
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Jan 01,7
Use the following information to answer the next five questions
A high percentage of purebred dogs have genetic defects. Some examples of these defects follow.
1
2
3
4
Hip dysplasia, a defect in the hip joints that can cripple a dog, occurs in 60% of golden retrievers.
Hereditary
deafness, additional
due to a recessive
autosomal
disorder,
occurs
30% of Dalmatians.
Use the following
information
to answer
the next
two in
questions
Retinal disease, which may cause blindness, occurs in 705 collies.
Hemophilia, and X-linked
disorder,
is common in Labrador retrievers. Dwarfism is also
Insert recessive
diagram on
p.4
common in this breed of dog.
-from Lemonick, 1994
121. The structure that degenerates and causes blindness in collies is
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
Jan 01,8
122. Collies that are bred for long noses and closely set eyes are more likely to have retinal disease. The
best explanation for this is that
A.
B.
C.
D.
closely spaced eyes cause retinal degeneration
breeders intentionally select for these three characteristics
genes for these three characteristics are on the same chromosome
the abnormal gene that causes retinal disease is on the X chromosome
Jan 01,1
Numerical Response
7. What is the frequency of the abnormal allele that causes hearing defects in Dalmatians?
Answer: __________
(Record your answer as a value from 0 to 1, rounded to two decimal places in the numericalresponse section on the answer sheet.)
Jan 01,9
Use the following additional information to answer the next question
A healthy female Labrador retriever has won several ribbons for her appearance in dog shows.
She was mated with two healthy male Labrador retrievers. In the two litters produced, some of
the offspring had hemophilia and others were normal.
123. If the female is bred to one of her male offspring that does not have hemophilia, then the probability of
the female offspring of this cross having hemophilia is
A.
B.
C.
D.
0%
25%
75%
100%
Jan 01,10
124. The breeding of purebred dogs for certain characteristic related to appearance is blamed for the
disturbing number of genetic defects in these animals. These defects are most likely the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
natural selection
non-random mating
geographic isolation
high rates of mutation
Jan 02,1
Use the following information to answer the first three questions
The thyroid gland secretes the hormone thyroxine and calcitonin. Embedded in the thyroid
gland are the four parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands secrete the parathyroid hormone
(PTH). Calcitonin and PTH work antagonistically to maintain homeostasis of calcium ion
concentrations in the blood. High levels of calcium ions stimulate the secretion of calcitonin,
which causes deposition of calcium in the bones.
125. Low levels of calcium ions in the blood cause
A.
B.
C.
D.
decreased secretion of PTH and increased deposition of calcium in the bones
decreased secretion of calcitonin and increased deposition of calcium in the bones
increased secretion of PTH and movement of calcium form the bones to the blood
increased secretion of calcitonin and movement of calcium from the bones to the blood
Jan 02,2
126. The release of thyroxine from the thyroid is directly regulated by
A.
B.
C.
D.
TSH
TRH
iodine
thyroxine
Jan 02,3
127. A characteristic symptom of hyperthyroidism, a disorder of the thyroid gland, is
A.
B.
C.
D.
lethargy
weight loss
intolerance to cold
slowed mental processes

Jan 02,4
128. Which of the following hormones plays a role in returning the salt concentration in the blood to
homeostatic levels following heavy exercise?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cortisol
Thyroxine
Aldosterone
Epinephrine
Jan 02,5
Use the following information to answer the next question
Chemicals found in alcohol and tea have a diuretic effect. Diuretics cause the body to produce
greater-than-normal volumes of urine.
129. Diuretic chemicals counteract the effect of the hormone
A.
B.
C.
D.
ADH
insulin
cortisol
prolactin
Jan 02,6
Use the following information to answer the next five questions
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease of the nervous system, typically has symptoms of
uncontrolled muscle responses, weakness, paralysis, and vision difficulties. Researchers believe
that MS occurs as a result of the body’s immune system destroying the myelin sheath that
surrounds the axon of a nerve cell. The result is a scarring of brain tissue or of spinal cord tissue.
130. Damage to the myelin sheath of an optic neuron affects the speed of neural transmission to the visual
centre, which is found in which lobe of the cerebrum?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Jan 02,1
Numerical Response
8. Another symptom of MS is an exaggerated pupillary light reflex. Some of the events that occur during
this reflex are listed below.
1
2
3
4
Motor neuron depolarizes
Sensory neuron depolarizes
Interneuron depolarizes
Light receptors stimulated
The order in which the events listed above occur during a pupillary light reflex is _____, _____,
_____, and _____.
(Record all four digits of your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.)
Jan 02,2
Use the following additional information to answer the next three questions
Stimulation of a sensory neuron produces an action potential. An abnormal pattern in this action
potential can be used to detect MS in its early stages. The graph below illustrates the membrane
potential of a normal neuron after stimulation.
Numerical Response
9. What is the resting membrane potential for this neuron, expressed to two digits, and what is the
maximum membrane potential during depolarization, expressed to two digits? (Record your answers as
absolute values.)
Answer: _____ _____ , _____ _____
Membrane Potential:
Resting
Maximum
During
Depolarization
(Record all four digits of your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.)
Jan 02,7
131. Which of the following types of ion movement across an axon membrane would cause the action
potential to change during the interval from 0.2 ms to 0.4 ms?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sodium ions moving into the axon
Sodium ions moving out of the axon
Potassium ions moving into the axon
Potassium ions moving out of the axon
Jan 02,8
132. On the graph, the period from 0.5 ms to 1.0 ms represents the neuron’s
A.
B.
C.
D.
refractory period, which is when repolarization occurs
refractory period, which is when minimum depolarization occurs
threshold period, which is when repolarization occurs
threshold period, which is when minimum depolarization occurs
Jan 02,9
Use the (MAO)
following
to answer
next
questions
Monoamine oxidase
is information
an enzyme that
breaks the
down
thefour
neurotransmitters
dopamine,
serotonin, and norepinephrine. Individuals who are involved in extreme sports, such as rock
climbing, generally have low levels of MAO and, therefore, higher-than-normal levels of these
neurotransmitters.
Dopamine and serotonin are linked to pleasurable feelings. Norepinephrine is released in the
fight-or-flight response. One hypothesis for why individuals with participate in extreme sports
is that in order for individuals with high resting levels of these neurotransmitters to achieve a
pleasurable sensation, they require a greater surge of these chemicals than do other people.
-from Zorpette, 1999
133. The site in the neural pathway where MAO is active is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
axon
synaptic cleft
cell body
Schwann cell
Jan 02,10
134. The area of the brain that normally initiates the fight-or-flight response is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
pons
cerebrum
cerebellum
hypothalamus
Jan 02,11
Use the following additional information to answer the next two questions
Serotonin stimulates the release of endorphins, and endorphins eventually cause the release of
more dopamine. Studies of individuals involved in extreme sports have found that these people
have lower-than-normal numbers of two of the five types of dopamine receptors.
-from Zorpette, 1999
135. The endorphin met-enkephalin is comprised of the amino acids methionine, phenylalanine, glycine,
glycine, and tyrosine. Possible mRNAcodons for the production of met-enkephalin are
A.
B.
C.
D.
ATG TTT GGT GGT TAT
ATG TTG GGC GGC TAT
AUG UUC GGT GGT UAC
AUG UUU GGC GGC UAC
Jan 02,12
136. When individuals participate in extreme sports, their neurons release more dopamine, which results in
a pleasurable sensation because
A.
B.
C.
D.
less serotonin is released from neurons
more dopamine receptors are produced
the fight-or-flight response is inhibited
a neuron containing dopamine receptors reaches threshold depolarization