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Physiology Unit2 AUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEM InPhysiologyToday PeripheralNervousSystem Organization SomaticDivision AutonomicDivision • SingleneuronbetweenCNS andskeletalmusclecells • Innervatesskeletalmuscle • Canonlyleadtomuscle excitation • Twoneuronsystem betweenCNSandeffector organs • Innervatessmoothmuscle, cardiacmuscle,glands • Canbeeitherexcitatoryor inhibitory AutonomicNervousSystem • 2neuronsinseries synapsingata ganglia • Preganglionic neuron – CNStoganglion • Postganglionic neuron – Gangliontoeffector SympatheticDivision • FightorFlightresponse • Increasesactivityunderconditionsofphysicalor physiologicalstress • Allresourcesforphysicalexertionareactivated – HRincreases – BPincreases – Bloodflowtoskeletalmuscles,heartandbrain increases – Liverreleasesglucose – Pupilsdilate – GItractactivityisdampened – Bloodflowtotheskinisreduced SympatheticDivision ThoracolumbarDivision • Sympatheticneuronsexit theCNSfromthethoracic andlumbarregionsofthe spinalcord • Gangliaarrangedasthe sympathetictrunks – Closetothespinalcord – 2chainsoneithersideof thespinalcord ParasympatheticDivision • Restanddigestresponse • Homeostaticfunctionsarepredominant ParasympatheticDivision CraniosacralDivision • Preganglionicneurons exittheCNSfromthe brainstemandsacral regionsofthespinal cord • Parasympatheticganglia liewithinorveryclose totheeffectororgans thatthepostganglionic neuronsinnervate ActivationPatternsoftheDivisions • SympatheticDivision – Moredivergenceofpreganglionicneurons – Tendstorespondasasingleunit – Increasedsympatheticactivitytendstooccur bodywide • ParasympatheticDivision – Lessdivergenceofpreganglionicneurons – Specificorgansareactivatedinapatternthatis dependentoneachphysiologicalresponse NeurotransmittersoftheANS • PreganglionicneuronsreleaseACh • Postganglionicneurons – SympatheticdivisionreleaseNE – ParasympatheticdivisionreleaseACh • Cotransmittersreleasedbypreganglionicneurons withtheprimaryneurotransmitteratmany autonomicganglia – ATP,dopamine,neuropeptides • Postganglionicneurons – Nitrousoxideforsmoothmuscledilation AdrenalMedulla • Postganglionicneuronsthatinnervatethe adrenalmedulladonotdevelopaxons • Theformtheendocrinegland,theadrenal medulla • Onceactivatedbythesympathetic preganglionicneuron,thecellsoftheadrenal medullarelease80%Epi,20%NEintothe blood TransmittersofthePeripheralNervous System DualInnervation • Theheart,manyglandsandsmoothmuscle areinnervatedbybothdivisionsoftheANS • Opposingeffects • Divisionsareusuallyactivatedreciprocally – Sympatheticactivityincreases – Parasympatheticactivitydecreases – Visversa • Providesprecisecontroloftheeffector CooperativeControl • BothdivisionsoftheANS operatetogether • Autonomicresponses resultfromtheregulated interactionsofboththe parasymapathetic and sympatheticdivisions • Autonomicresponses usuallyoccurwithout awarenessorconscious control(autonomous)