Download 2015 Test 3 study guide Bio 105

Test 3 study guide Bio 105- Core
Chapter 5
• 5.1 Cell division
• Asexual reproduction- functions- growth, repair, replacement
• Sexual reproduction- functions- production of gametes, increase genetic variations
• Comparisons[ number of parents needed, gametes, fertilization, number of chromosome sets,
offspring genetically unique or the same]
• 5.2 What is structure of chromosome, what is DNA? What is a gene? What is chromatin?
• Metaphase chromosomes- histone proteins, nucleosomes, DNA, sister chromatids, centromere
• What is haploid (N) number for humans and what is diploid (2N) number for humans?
• 5.3 Cell cycle? What are phases of interphase (G1,S.G2,M); When does DNA get replicated
• 5.4 Mitosis
• What are phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
• What happens to cell cycle in cancer?
• 5.5 Cytokinesis
• What and when is cytokinesis? How does animal cell cytokinesis differ from plant cell
cytokinesis
• 5.6 Gametes
• Male gamete is sperm and is haploid; female gamete is ovum and also is haploid
• In humans how many autosomes are there? How many sex chromosomes are there?
• What is genotype of normal human male(XY); What is genotype of normal female (XX)
• What is a karyotype and how is it used;
• 5.7 Meiosis
• Meiosis occurs in two steps (Prophase I, Metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I; Prophase II,
Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II)
• Cross over occurs during prophase I; the result of meiosis is four haploid gametes
• Where doe meiosis occur?
• 5.8 Mitosis vs. meiosis comparison
• 5.9 Genetic variation
• Independent assortment, random fertilization, crossing over of homologous chromosomes
• 5.10 Meiosis mistakes
• Nondisjunction during meiosis can lead to genetic diseases caused by too many or too few
chromosomes.
• Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is caused by nondisjunction
• Other examples are Kleinfelters syndrome (XXY); Jacob’s syndrome (XYY), Turner’ syndrome
(XO) and triple X –(XXX)
• 5.11 Mendelian genetics
• Definition of genetics
• Who was Gregor Mendel
• What is a dominant allele (A) and what is a recessive allele(a)
• Alleles are individual units of inheritance that have alternative forms.
• AA homozygous dominant, Aa heterozygous, aa homozygous recessive
• Definition of genotype; examples of genotype (AA, Aa, aa)
• Definition of phenotype- examples freckles, chocolate coat, purple flower
• Pea plant ( purple flowers are dominant- possible genotypes are PP and Pp); white flowers are
recessive (pp)
• 5.12 Punnett square
• Are used to predict the possible offspring between two parents
• Monohybrid cross looks at one trait at a time; a dihybrid looks at two traits at a time.
• The monohybrid Punnett square has 4 boxes; and the dihybrid Punnett square has 16 squares
• A cross between a homozygous dominant labrador (BB) retriever and a homozygous recessive
chocolate labrador retriever (bb) would give a 4:0 ratio of black (Bb) to chocolate; a cross
between two heterozygous dogs (Bb x Bb) would give 3:1 ratio of black to chocolate
• 5.13 Independent assortment
• The law of segregation states two alleles for a trait separate independently during meiosis
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In other words, a heterozygous dog (Bb) would have the probability of having half the gametes
with B an half the gametes with b
• What a test is cross: what would the phenotype ratio be for a monohybrid test cross: and what
would be the phenotype ratio for a dihybrid cross?
• For dihybrid cross BbDd x BbDd what phenotype ratio would you get?
• 5.14 Pedigrees
• Pedigrees are useful to look at genetic diseases cause by a single gene
• Know examples of autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, Know how to ‘read’ pedigree to
determine type of genetic disease
• 5.15 Complex inheritance
• Co-dominance- blood types
• Polygenic inheritance- human height
• Incomplete dominance- snap dragons
• 5.16 Linked genes
• Genes are on the SAME chromosomes and most of the time are inherited together unless cross
over occurs
• 5.17 Sex-linked genes
• What are sex linked genes? Know about example of sex-linked traits (hemophilia,
• 5.18 Clones
• What is a clone? How is it done? Why is it done?
• What are stem cells?
Chapter 6
• 6.1 DNA intro
• Structure of nucleotides
• Base pair rules
• DNA is double helix and each strand is complementary
• DNA strands held together by hydrogen bonds
• 6.2 DNA replication
• Method of duplication is semi-conservative
• Replication occurs in the nucleus
• Different organisms have some DNA sequences in common, the more closely related the more
sequences are the same
• 6.3 DNA directs the production of proteins
• What does the coding regions of DNA code for? Genes (units of inheritance)
• What do genes code for? How to make specific proteins
• 6.4 Flow from DNA to RNA to protein
• What is RNA and what are the base pair rules (AU; TA, GC, and CG)
• Information flows from DNARNAprotein
• 6.5 Transcription
• Where does transcription occur?
• What is mRNA and how does it get out of the nucleus
• 6.6 Translation part one
• Where does translation occur?
• How many nucleotides make up a codon
• What does a codon code for? (amino acid)
• What is needed for translation? (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, amino acids, ribosomes)
• 6.7 Translation part two
• What is a anticodon and what kind of RNA contains the anticodon?
• Initiation, elongation, and termination; start codes, stop codes
• How to read and use genetic code table for the mRNA that reads AUG-ACU-AAA-GAG-UCAUAA, what would the amino acid sequence be?
• The end result of translation is a polypeptide
• 6.8 Gene expression regulation
• Transcription factors
• Modified mRNA – removal of introns
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6.9 Signal transduction
• Cell signals can produce transcription factors to turn genes on or off
• Cell-cell communication controls developing embryo, growth, and repair
6.10 Mutations effects
• Point mutations (substation)
• Deletion and addition mutations
• Frame shift mutations
6.11 Cancer part one
• What is a mutagen
• What is a carcinogen
6.12 Cancer part two
• Loss of control of cell cycle can cause cancer
• What is a proto-oncogene and what is a oncogene
• Differences between benign tumor and malignant tumor
• Treatments for cancer
6.13 Genetic engineering
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Gene cloning, production of human insulin in bacteria, production of GMO
6.14 DNA manipulation
• Tools for DNA manipulation- restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase, gel electrophoresis,
PCR, gene machines, micropipettes, computer control robotics, genomic libraries, and genomic
data bases
6.15 Genetically modification
• What is a genetically modified organism
• Examples of GMO and their use
6.16 PCR
• Polymerase chain reaction uses heat stable DNA polymerase
• Can make many copies of DNA from a very small sample, is a short period of time
• Amplified DNA can be used in production of pharmaceuticals, forensics, determining paternity
6.17 DNA profiles
• What is it used for
• What differences are being looked (STR)
6.18 Genome mapping
• Genome project
• How are genome data bases used
6.19 Gene therapy
• Can we fix genes
• How does gene therapy work
• Gene therapy in practice