Download general biology final exam review guide

GENERAL BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE
Structure of Nucleic Acids
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Be able to label a diagram of the DNA molecule. Review the base-pairing
rules and the various types of bonds within the double helix.
Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines
Be able to label a diagram of an RNA molecule and its base pairing rules.
Be able to describe DNA replication.
Protein Synthesis
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Be able to discuss the roles of DNA, mRNA, and tRNA during transcription and translation.
Be able to use a codon chart.
Be able to transcribe and translate a segment of DNA.
Review base-pairing rules for RNA
Be able to recognize DNA mutations, point shift and frameshift.
Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis
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Review the limits on cell size (i.e. surface area-to-volume ratio)
Be familiar with all of the components of the cell cycle with an emphasis on the stages of mitosis.
Be able to identify and distinguish between chromosomes, chromatids, and chromatin.
Be able to identify what organic molecules make up a chromosome.
Be able to follow a pair of homologous chromosomes through the process of meiosis I and II.
Be able to distinguish between haploid and diploid chromosome numbers.
Be able to describe the importance of meiosis.
Be able to compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
Genetics
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Be able to describe Gregor Mendel’s contributions to science
Be able to describe a gene. alleles, phenotype and genotype.
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Be able to solve monohybrid, dihybrid, incomplete dominance, sex-linked and blood type genetic
problems
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Be able to explain the symbols, generations, patterns, genotypes of a pedigree
Biotechnology
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Explain the pros and cons of selective breeding.
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Identify the tools used in biotechnology.
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Describe how recombinant DNA is made using bacterial plasmids.
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Be able to interpret a plasmid/DNA map and DNA fingerprints.
Early Earth
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Describe how Earth came to be and what its atmosphere was like.
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Describe 3 theories as to how life began on Earth.
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Describe the Miller-Urey experiment and its importance.
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Describe the general order of appearance of life on Earth.
Natural Selection and Evolution
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Compare and contrast Darwin and LaMarck theories.
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Identify the 4 main parts of the natural selection theory.
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Describe evidence used to support the evolution theory.
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Compare and contrast 3 types of natural selection, stabilizing, directional and disruptive
selection.
Classification and Animals
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Be able to use a dichotomous key and cladogram.
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Identify the classification and taxonomy of living things.
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Explain the characteristics of animals.
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Be able to distinguish different types of symmetry and body plans.
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Compare and contrast coelomates, pseudocoelomates and acoelomates.
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Compare and contrast aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates with aquatic and terrestrial
vertebrates in terms of their different systems.
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Describe the purpose of the various systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory,
nervous, skeletal and reproductive.
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Be able to identify the structures and functions of the external anatomy, internal anatomy and
digestive system of a frog.