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Changing the Living World: Manipulating DNA Tools o Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into small usable pieces o Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA o Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to make copies of DNA o http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/ Changing the Living World: Genetic Engineering What is it? o Transfer of DNA sequences from one organism to another o Can include entire genes o Shows that some genes from animals and plants can work in each other Transgenic organisms o Organisms that contain genes from other species o Gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism o Why do we use this? o Use bacteria to produce important substances (insulin) o Bacteria reproduce quickly and are easy to grow Cloning o Clone – member of a population of genetically identical cells that is produced from a single cell o 1997 – Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep (Dolly) o Nucleus of egg cell removed o Cell then fused with cell taken from another adult o Fused cell then divides and embryo placed in surrogate to develop Cloning ethics o Ethical and moral issues for humans leave some opposing the work for humans Transgenic animals and plants o Animals used to improve food supply o Mice produced with genes to make their immune system act like a humans o Allows scientists to study effect of diseases o Genetically modified crops may not need insecticide spray o Crops that can resist weed killing sprays