* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Biotechnology and its applications - MrsGorukhomework
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Transposable element wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Biotechnology and its applications p. 158 Human Genome Project – The identification of the human genome, that is, finding out all the base sequences. Mapping of genes – what the sequence codes for. (did mapping of genome of yeast in 1992 just for chromosome 3 which consisted of 315 357 nucleotides, took about 10 years.) Thought that DNA → RNA → proteins → control the body, based on that and looking at all the different phenotypes, figured we must have a lot of genes, 100, 000’s. Only about 25, 000. (doesn’t seem to be enough to account for all the different varieties) And found that most of the genome is not transcribed into genes – called it ‘junk DNA’. Most of this junk consisted of highly repetitive sequences of DNA up to 3000 base pairs long. Makes up 5-48% of genome and now think these highly repetitive sequences (satellite DNA) may help determine how genes are expressed. As opposed to unique or singlecopy genes. Half of the genes had an unknown function. Need to know three. Pros – health care in identification of diseases and find location NOT the cure; new probes for diseases Insight into how the body works; production of new drugs Evolutionary information – relationships Produce better drugs based on DNA: better understanding of genetic diseases Cons – money spent What can it be used for – expand. Who will be allowed access to information? PCR – Need more, see textbook. Polymerase chain reaction – is a method for making many copies of a specific segment of DNA. It is performed in vitro. In many biotechnologies, a great deal of DNA is needed. In crime scenes or fossil remains, usually only a drop of semen or blood is found. More is needed so this technique supplies many copies of the DNA sample. Gel Electrophoresis – separates macromolecules like DNA, on the bases of their movement through a gel under the influence of an electric charge. Mixtures of DNA fragments of different sizes are added to the gel at the –ve end or cathode. When the electricity is turned on, the fragments will migrate to the +ve end (anode) at a rate DETERMINED BY THE FRAGMENTS CHARGE AND SIZE. The shorter fragments of DNA will travel farther from the –ve end. What you end up with is a gel with bands of DNA. If the gel is treated with a dye, the bands can easily be seen and analyzed. See diagrams. DNA profiling (DNA fingerprinting) – blood, semen or other body samples are taken. Amplified with PCR. It is cut with restriction enzymes to cut it into fragments. Then gel electrophoresis is done. The bands we use to note differences are our junk or repeating sequences of no apparent use. The sequences of DNA used to code for organs etc should all be the same for every person. It is just our junk that is unique. And that is what is used for our DNA fingerprint. Need two uses and the constant problem of contamination. Used for paternity suits, forensics Recombinant DNA- (gene transfer) the techniques used to transplant genes from one living source into another where it will be expressed. See diagram. Know restriction enzymes, ligase, vector Gene Therapy – faulty gene is replaced by a good gene. Only works if faulty gene is recessive; only works on diseases cause by one gene; get good gene, need restriction enzyme; make copies; PCR; introduce into another organism like a virus; need restriction enzyme and ligase; virus infects person and inserts its DNA into our cells. Tried for cystic fibrous. Results only temporary. Genetic Modification (Engineering) – you find out. Crops improved by it; cauliflower, asparagus, corn, cucumber, cotton, eggplant, grape, raspberry, lettuce, papaya, pea, pepper, plum, potato, tobacco, rice, strawberry, sugar cane, tomato, walnut, wheat. Cons – genes cross species barrier, affect other genes, take over other genes to become dominant need to give named example like herbicide resistance Pros – more specific breeding; faster than traditional Increased food production; less chemicals used Less use of drugs; less expensive Cons – could be potential harm to other animals Could be released into the environment Could spread without competition; cross species barrier Reduce genetic diversity *Eg. Wheat genetically modified DNA (gene) source is Salmonella Typhimurium Effect – resistance to roundup herbicide Benefit – allows use of herbicide on growing crop, control weed but doesn’t affect crop Yields are higher Harmful effect – gene may be transmitted to weeds Uncontrollable crop/superweed Or foreign DNA may have affect on humans like allergies Cloning – know procedure. Genetic screening – know – of embryos in IVF, will take in genetics pros – prevent births of affected children, eliminate genetic diseases from population, reduce stress on parents Cons- allows selection of embryos, euthanizing of embryos with disease Gene transfer – using reverse transcriptase, plasmids cut with endonucleases, addition of “sticky ends” to DNA, copy, combine into DNA with ligase → recombinant plasmid, used for insulin production * Go back to Stem cells – 2.1.8 do now!! Genetically modified questions used a lot