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Transcript
Recombinant DNA Technologies A.DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid 1. Bases: A- Adenine b. C- Cytosine c. G- Guanine d. T- Thymine -put together in a double-helical molecule with A-T & C-G as the “rungs” -form GENES e. We have about 30,000 genes and they are mapped by location on each chromosome -”Human Genome Project” f. We are 99.9% identical; .1% makes us unique and different from Rob Marder (thank heaven!) a. B. DNA fingerprinting 1. Find areas of variation 2. Hit with restriction enzymes =>neat DNA cutting tools (listen for where they came from!) 3. Run through a gel (electrophoresis) a. After cutting, small particles move fast, larger ones move slowly b. Gives a banding pattern: Gel Electrophoresis & Apparatus Two examples to try: -Crime Scene & Paternity Testing (Maury Povich style!) C. Gene Therapy 1. Problems with gene expression lead to faulty molecules, especially enzymes -cannot do their jobs 2. examples: Cystic Fibrosis & Tay Sachs diseases 3. Idea: replace bad genes with good ones that make the proper molecule And theoretically “fix” the problem 4. How can we deliver the new genes? (i.e. what do we know that inserts genes over existing ones…. Think “poison”) Called “vectors” D. Cloning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Genetically identical copies Replace nucleus of egg w/ compat. Adult DIPLOID nucleus and jolt w/ electricity Age of clone- new or as old as donated DNA? Just because we can, does that mean we should? Examples: E. PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction 1.Takes small amounts of DNA and copies it millions of times 2. Useful when DNA quantities are minute -crime scenes -archeological finds F. Transgenic organisms 1. Organisms with foreign DNA spliced into it 2. Examples: a. Bacteria- make chemicals that we need 1) insulin (rather than from a dead pig’s organ) 2) fertilizers 3) hormones 4) nutrasweet (phenylalanine- watch out PKU people) 5) Spider silk for manufacturing b. Plants 1) Resist frost (Arctic flounder gene) 2) Disease resistance Transgenic organisms continued: c. Animals 1. Goats that produce anticlotting protein 2. Glowing Rabbits: -Fun , but actually are “markers” 3. “Human” Mice Benefit? 4. Rejection –resistant pigs for organ transplants into humans (xenotransplantation) Example of how we generate HUMAN insulin from bacteria: •What are some benefits to utilizing this method? •How did Diabetics get their insulin before this was developed? •Hint: Our friend, the pig Genetic engineering funnies
