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Chapter 6 The Nervous System Similar to a telephone system Electrical messages travel along pre laid cables, linked by relays and switchboards In the body: Cables Nerve Fibers Cables through out the body which carry electrical impulses to and from the brain Relays Switchboards Synapses Connections between nerve cells Interneurons in the Brain and Spinal Cord Areas in the brain and spinal cord that relay messages to appropriate parts of the brain and spinal cord In the body: Sensory info is passed Through ascending neurons To the brain Info processed in the brain Messages run to and from the brain along neurons Motor impulses then travel via descending neuron tracts to the body How the Nervous System Works: Messages - run to and from the brain along neurons : Neurons- Long thin nerve cells Synapses- Gaps between the ends of the neurons Neurotransmitters- chemical signals located at synapses Cell Axon Dendrites Synapses W/ Neurotransmitters Nervous System: (structural) 2 Parts- 1. Central Nervous System- brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System- Smaller branches of nerves reaching into the body The Nervous System- (Functionally) 2 Parts: 1. Somatic Nervous System 2. Autonomic Nervous System Controls voluntary Activities Non Voluntary/Automatic Neural Activities Pupil size Heart Rate Autonomic Nervous System : 2 Parts - Fires up the body - Relaxes the body Sympathetic • Prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous work • Speeds up heart rate which increases Oxygen and nutrients to the tissues • Constricts and relaxes arteries so that blood flows to the correct muscles during work • Increases blood pressure • Suspends some bodily activities: digestion, urination Parasympathetic •Works to conserver energy •Enhances body’s ability to recover from strenuous activity • Reduces heart rate and blood pressure Journal Entry #4 1. Who was Luigi Galvani? 2. Why would he be considered significant as far as science is concerned? 3. Why is he significant to science fiction literature? 4. Why is he significant to the field of Psychology? 1. Hind Brainrear of the skull Includes: CerebellumBalance and posture PonsHearing and equilibrium MedullaBreathing and other reflex actions 2. Midbrainsmall part of the brain just above the pons Integrates sensory input And sends it upward and Further into the brain to Be processed Reticular Activating Systemand Brainstem Pons Medulla Midbrain 3. Forebrain: above central core Includes: •Thalamus •Hypothalamus •Cerebral Cortex •Cerebrum Thalamus- integrates sensory input for everything except smell HypothalamusMonitors emotions, sleep, basic needs of hunger, thirst, etc. AmygdalaControls violent emotions such as rage and fear. HippocampusImportant in the formation of memories and in conditioning of emotional feelings Cerebral CortexOutside layer of the brain….think of it as a thick swimming cap covering the inside of the brain- Learn and store information…read, see, understand Cerebrum- inner layer of the cortexsite of your conscious thinking Cortex Outside layer covering the inside of the Brain-----*Imagine it as a thick swimming cap This area of the brain receives impulses from the skin and muscles and sends messages for body responses Somatosensory Cortex- Receives information\processes requests action from the Motor Cortex Motor Cortex- Sends information to control body movements Somatosensory Cortex- Receives information Amount of tissues in these areas directly relates to The sensitivity of the body related to these areas Try this next exercise to understand this better Using a pen cap, key or other instrument have a partner Touch areas on the inside of your palm and then on the top of your hand. Which part of your hand would have a larger area dedicated to it in your somatosensory cortex? Lobes of the Brain Regions of the brain that have been mapped out and indicate approximately where certain brain functions take place Indicated by: 1. Observations of individuals and animals with brain injuries 2. Stimulation of brain during surgery Parietal: Speech Frontal: Creativity Personality Attention/focus Emotional control Occipital: Sight Temporal: Hearing The Hemispheres of the Brain Left: Right: Rational Thinking Sequential Structured Time oriented Prefers Talking and writing Thinks concretely Controls feelings Needs to be in control Looks for similarities Intuitive Holistic Spontaneous Ignores deadlines Uncertain Looks for differences Analytical Takes more risks Sees the whole picture Visual/spatial CREATIVE Mathematics Writing Reading Left Words (Verbal) Logical Black and White Numbers Sequence Analysis Lists Critical Thinking Right Images (nonverbal) Intuitive Color Rhythm Imagination Daydreaming Dimension Creative Thinking Corpus Callosum Band of nerve fibers separating the right and left hemisphere of the brain. It carries electrical impulses back and forth between the two hemispheres. Tends to be thicker In females? Eyes send impulses to Both sides of the brain If corpus callosum is severed It can cause difficulties in functions See something but not be able to say what it is See something funny, laugh but not be able to tell others what was seen Studying the Brain Electroencephalograph (EEG) Measure and record electrical activity in the brain Stimulation with electrodes Wilder Penfield stimulated the brain during surgery to determine what parts of the brain perform specific functions Can be used to manage pain in cancer patients Or violent uncontrollable behavior Lesions- The destroying of part of the brain. This procedure results in modified behavior Mostly only done in tests on animals……….. Lobotomy a form of psychosurgery, also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from Greek leukos: clear or white and tomos meaning "cut/slice"). It consists of cutting the connections to and from, or simply destroying, the prefrontal cortex. These procedures often result in major personality changes and possible mental disabilities. Lobotomies were used in the past to treat a wide range of severe mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, clinical depression, and various anxiety disorders. After the introduction of the antipsychotic Thorazine, lobotomies fell out of common use.[1] Accidents Case Study: Phineas Gage This man lived with the stake that had been driven through his Head. He has no loss of memory, skills or body functions. He did have personality changes: He became childish, impatient short tempered and capricious ImagesComputerized Axial Tomography- CAT Scan Scans used to pinpoint injuries radiation is measured in brain tissue Positron Emission Tomography- (PET) scan By injecting a radioactive solution into the blood and then measuring the amount of radiation in the blood cells of the brain a visual picture of the the brain can be displayed and will Change as the person speaks or thinks or looks at a piece of art Magnetic Resonance Imaging- MRI Combines features of both CAT and PET scans and uses radio signals to study both the structure and and function of the brain. New…..fMRI (Functional Resonance Imaging)