* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download SPHS 4050, Neurological bases, PP 03a
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease wikipedia , lookup
Causes of transsexuality wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Human multitasking wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Blood–brain barrier wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Subventricular zone wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Neuroscience and intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy of memory wikipedia , lookup
Neurotechnology wikipedia , lookup
Sports-related traumatic brain injury wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Anatomy of the cerebellum wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
PP 03a-Gross anatomy, in more detail Superior view of brain Lateral view of brain Lateral view of brain, with insula exposed • Pull down the temporal lobe, and more brain surface is found = insula Lateral schematic of brain and its four lobes Ventral views Ventral view: A closer look at the brainstem Midsaggital view • Brain (encephalon) – Prosencephalon • Telencephalon= cerebrum, with basal ganglia and limbic lobe deep inside • Diencephalon= thalamus and hypthalamus (“between brain”) – Mesencephalon = midbrain* – Rhombencephalon • Metencephalon: pons* & cerebellum • Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata* • Spinal cord * = three parts of brain stem Note skull and foramen magnum Embryonic origins • Brain (encephalon) – Prosencephalon • Telencephalon= cerebrum, with basal ganglia and limbic lobe deep inside • Diencephalon= thalamus and hypthalamus (“between brain”) – Mesencephalon = midbrain* – Rhombencephalon • Metencephalon: pons* & cerebellum • Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata* • Spinal cord A closer look at the midsagittal surface at levels of diencephalon and brain stem Note the thalamus, hypothalamus (diencephalon), pons, medulla and midbrain (brain stem) and corpus callosum and commissures (which form connections between hemispheres) Mid-sagittal schematic of brain and its four lobes Cingulate gyrus (also called limbic cortex) The limbic cortex (cingulate gyrus) is part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM which includes the hippocampus and amygdala, interconneted with parts of the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and olfactory (smell) system. The limbic system is strongly associated with memory and emotion Spinal cord_PNS Cellular structure, and its relationship to the gray matter / white matter distinction Two types of cells make up the nervous system • Neurons (nerve cells) – Transmit information, usually as nerve impulses – Communicate with each other, to transmit messages throughout the body • Satellite cells – Facilitate neurons, but do not transmit nerve impulses A prototypical neuron and its synapse with another neuron In development, neuron cell bodies start in the center of the neural tube • In the brain, the cell bodies migrate to the surface • In the spinal cord, the cell bodies stay close to the center of the tube In development, cell bodies start in the center of the neural tube • In the brain, the cell bodies migrate to the surface • Aggregations of cell bodies make up gray matter on surface of brain = cortex • In the spinal cord, the cell bodies stay close to the center of the tube – Aggregations of cell bodies make up gray matter on in the core of the spinal cord = central gray matter GRAY MATTER = GROUP OF CELL BODIES In development, cell bodies in the gray matter “sprout” their axons • Groups/bundles of axons make up WHITE MATTER. Do you see the white matter under the gray cortex? In the spinal cord, central gray matter, with white matter on outside. Gray matter also makes up nuclei in brainstem (surrounded by white matter) and nuclei that make up the thalamus & basal ganglia Spinal cord Brainstem: Lateral view (See nuclei in blue) Cerebrum: Coronal section (see gray matter of basal ganglia)