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Behavioural Neuroscience Lecture 2: History Facts about the brain: • Purpose: to process sensory information in order to guide movement (and thus control behaviour) • Weighs 1,400 grams • 3% of body weight, consumes 20% of energy • Made up of 100 billion neurons, 1 million synapses, lots of circuits • Most complex system in the universe • Everything you think, feel and experience are a product of neurons in the brain What is behavioural neuroscience? • Scientific study of the role of the central nervous system in behaviour • Combines psychology and neuroscience • Identifies what part of brain controls what aspect of self Phineas Gage: • Phineas Gage (railway foreman from Virginia) • Incident involving tamping iron (1845): detonated explosives, tamping iron went through brain • Survived but with profound damage to frontal lobe • Treated by John Harlow (physician) • Recovered and went home after 10 weeks • Experienced behavioural (personality) changes: proved that one part of brain controls certain aspects of a person • Went from “reliable and kind” to “disrespectful and aggressive” (common injury) • Held numerous jobs and died in 1860 (probably from epilepsy subsequent to the brain injury) • Proof in 1800s that parts of brain control different things (brain is important) The history of Neuroscience: 1. Ancient Cultures: • Thought heart was a vase of the mind • Reflected religious/moral views • Limited study methods • Finds from chance discoveries • Controversial 2. Hippocrates (Greece, 450BC) • First to suggest that the brain is the center of the body (not heart, contrary to Aristotle) • Four bodily “humours” 3. Galen (Rome, 130CE) • Tested on animals • Revised dissection/vivisection after dark ages • Made detailed drawings of brain (clear sense of structures) • Advanced knowledge of brain structure • Failed to explain function 4. Descartes (France, 1596CE) • Impressed by hydraulically controlled statues • Animals controlled mechanistically • Animal spirits in brain directed by pineal gland ventricles (used mind like joystick to control) • Humans work on their own • Proposed model of how things work 5. Thomas Willis (England, 1621CE) • Rejected idea that mind resides in ventricles • Thought generated by outer tissue of cerebral hemispheres (cortex) • Based idea on comparative anatomy and effects of cortex damage on behaviour • Believed cortex contained animal spirits (transported by white matter) 6. Luigi Galvani (Italy, 1737CE) • Rejected idea of animal spirits flowing through nerves • Frag experiments: electrical charge applied to frogs legs to make muscles contract • Suggested nerves must be coated in fat (insulation to prevent any leaking) • Inspired books like Frankenstein (electrical happening in brain to allow thought) 7. Franz Joseph Gall (Germany, 1758CE) • Thought brain was composed of several distinct “organs of thought” or faculties reflecting bumps on skull • Introduced skull map used to read a person’s character (phrenology) 8. Paul Broca (France, 1824-1880) • Described patient unable to speak after damage to left frontal lobe (now known as Broca’s area) • Key role in production of speech, not to do with language completely but motive control