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Notes - The Nervous System Overview Organization & Overview of the Nervous System pages 388-397 I. List the 3 overlapping functions of NS A. Sensory input: B. Integration: C. Motor output: II. Nervous Tissue Anatomy A. Neuroglia are the “____________________” and generally ________________________, _______________________, & _____________________ the neurons. They can __________________________ but cannot __________________________. a. See figure 7.3 page 205 – need to understand the different roles these cells have but do not need to memorize. B. Neurons can ___________________ but cannot ___________________ a. special characteristics i. longevity ii. amitotic ( there are some exceptions) iii. high metabolic rate iv. Brain Tumors: b. Why is the plasma membrane of a neuron so important? c. Anatomy of a Neuron – Need to memorize diagram 1 i. Cell body is the ___________________________center of the neuron. It contains most organelles with the exception of _________________ which means the neuron cannot replicate through mitosis. ii. Processes & Covering 1. Dendrites a. hundreds of short, thick, diffusely branched, close to cell body b. _________ sites; transmit impulses _______ cell body 2. Axons a. transmit impulses _______ from cell body b. varies in length and diameter (larger diameter=faster conduction) c. axon collaterals: ___________________________________ d. axon terminals located _______________________________ i. contain _____________________________, chemicals which transmit the impulse electrically from one nerve to the next or to the end target ii. Separated from next neuron (or organ or muscle) by the __________________________________. The entire junction between 2 nerves or a nerve and another structure is known as the _________________ 3. Myelin sheath: see fig 7.5 page 208 – ___________________ & __________________ the fibers and __________________ the speed of transmission d. Classification of Neurons i. Functional classification 1. sensory (afferent) a. carry impulses from _______________ to ______ b. Ends of dendrites are associated with specialized receptors i. Cutaneous receptors: pressure, pain, heat, cold ii. Proprioceptors: muscles & tendons: amount of stretch or tension iii. Specialized receptors in sense organs: sight, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium 2. motor (efferent) a. carry impulses from _______ to ______________________ 3. association (interneurons) a. responsible for integration & reflex – connect motor and sensory neurons b. ________ of neurons End of Quiz #1 Material – all matching III. Nervous Tissue Physiology - Two major functional properties of neurons resulting in electrochemical event A. Irritability: a. Define: ________________________________________________________ 2 B. Conductivity: Memorize synaptic cleft diagram a. Define: _______________________________________________________ b. Stages of _______________________ event: i. Action potential (electrical signal reaches axon ______________________ ii. Vesicle fuses with membrane and ruptures releasing ________________________ into synaptic cleft iii. NT (chemical signal) diffuses across cleft and binds to ______________________ iv. Action potential (electrical signal) begins on ______________ neuron (or muscle or gland) v. NT quickly removed from synapse by _________________________ or _____________________________________ c. As you learn: i. Axon terminals widen so more NT can be released (more surface area) ii. Synaptic cleft narrows iii. More NT gets across to receptor iv. Faster more efficient process C. Reflex Arc: Memorize diagram a. A reflex is a ___________________________________________________ response to stimuli that the body is programmed to do b. Differentiate between an autonomic reflex and a somatic reflex and give an example of each. i. Autonomic ii. Somatic 3 IV. Regeneration: A. Introduction i. mature neurons incapable of cell division ii. ________ nerve axons can regenerate successfully if cell body is not destroyed iii. Uninjured cell body swells to prepare to synthesize proteins to support regeneration 1. axon regeneration = ______________________ 2. greater distance = less recovery chance = possible ______________ formation 3. Retraining of nerve necessary B. PNS axons - in certain cases i. debris cleaned out by macrophages 1. Schwann cells form tunnel of __________________________ to guide regenerating axonal "sprouts" 2. Schwann cells release growth factor C. CNS - does not happen - WHY?? End of Quiz #2 Material Classification & divisions of the NS Construct a flow chart on the last page of these notes. You will need to know each division and the 2 pieces of info under each one. This will be a matching section. (on test – not on quiz) Central Nervous System I. Protections of the Brain & Spinal cord A. scalp & hair: ______________________________ B. bone: ____________________________________ C. meninges – see page 463-465 i. epidural space: _________________________ ii. dura mater - contain dural sinuses – collect venous blood & shunt to internal jugular vein iii. subdural space: _________________________ iv. arachnoid______________________________ v. subarachnoid space: _____________________ vi. pia mater:_____________________________ D. blood - brain barrier i. Function: ensures stable environment by endothelial tight junctions in blood capillaries ii. excludes some substances while allowing other substances to freely pass : List those that can pass through __________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ iii. not identical in all regions - ex. hypothalamus almost non-existent to sample comp. of blood iv. BBB is incomplete in newborns: May lead to kernicturus ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4 II. CSF A. functions i. support, protect, & exchange of materials ii. forms a cushion iii. circulating fluid to monitor levels of _____, _____, & ____ to trigger feedback mechanisms if necessary to maintain homeostasis B. location: subarachnoid space & 4 ventricles in brain & central canal C. ~800 ml formed daily in the choroid plexus seeps from the capillaries and into ventricles D. circulation pattern _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ E. hydrocephalus - newborn vs. adult - see imbalance pg 465-467 5 BRAIN ANATOMY (page 434-453) Brain & spinal cord develops from neural tube 4 major regions: cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum I. Cerebral hemispheres (Cerebrum) A. surface i. gyri: ________________________________________ ii. sulci: ________________________________________ a) Purpose: ____________________________________ b) fissures: _____________________________________ (1) longitudinal fissure: _________________________ (2) transverse fissure: __________________________ (3) lateral fissure: ______________________________ iii. Lobes – named for bones they lie under B. divisions i. Cerebrum a) cerebral cortex (1) gray matter = cell_____________ (a) thickness: ___________, _______% of brain mass (b) Function: voluntary motion, higher order thinking skills (2) Cerebral White Matter (a) corpus callosum - largest fiber tract connecting the two hemispheres – if cut, left & right brain cannot communicate (b) basal nuclei – located deep within the white matter islands of gray matter (i) indirectly help initiate and control slow, stereotyped muscle movement (ii) ex. arm swinging while walking ii. Diencephalon a) located on _________________________ b) enclosed by cerebral hemispheres c) Made of 3 parts: (1) ________________________________________________ (2) _______________________________________________ (3) ________________________________________________ iii. Brain Stem a) attaches to spinal cord b) Controls the rigidly programmed automatic behaviors necessary for __________________________________________ c) iv. Has 3 parts: (1) ________________________________________________ (2) _______________________________________________ (3) ________________________________________________ Cerebellum a) Function – produce smooth, coordinated motions b) Damage results in ataxia: uncoordinated wavering motions 6 Complete the Brain Study Diagram at the back of these notes & study it. End of Quiz #3 Material – does not include info from function charts & WS Developmental Aspects of the CNS (pages 481-485) 1. Cerebral palsy 2. Alzheimer’s disease 3. Parkinson’s disease 4. Huntington’s disease (chorea) Make sure you know the following Brain disorders 1. meningitis 2. encephalitis 3. cerebral edema 8. CVA 9. ischemia 10. TIA 12. multiple sclerosis 13. hemiplegia Spinal Cord Anatomy (page 226 in text) See nerve structure diagram I. Approximately ___________ long and extends from _________________________ to _________________________________ and is about the size of your ______________ for most of its length. II. Meningeal coverings extend to the level of___________________________ (see picture) III. See nerve plexus diagram IV. See Dermatome diagram. V. What is the purpose of a lumbar (or spinal) tap? Why is this procedure done at the level of L4 or L5? Why must the patient remain lying down for 6-12 hours after this procedure (be specific as to why)? 7 VI. Define the following: 1. Flaccid paralysis 2. Spastic paralysis 3. Quadriplegic 4. Paraplegic 5. Spina bifida-incomplete formation of vertebrae – folic acid reduces risk 1. Occulta-no external manifestations 2. Cystica-saclike cyst protrudes from spine 3. Meningocele-cyst contains meninges & CSF 4. Myelomeningocele-cyst also contains portions of spinal cord and nerve roots 8 9 Nerve structure Nerve Plexus Dermatomes: These diagrams show you the area of skin supplied by the root of each spinal nerve. Pain in these skin areas can tell you about organ damage going on. For example: Damage to the sciatic nerve will manifest itself as pain in the S2 area of your leg since the sciatic nerve comes out of the sacral vertebrae. 10