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AP Biology The Nervous System 2003-2004 Overview The Nervous System controls and coordinates all the functions of the body. The Nervous System consists of two main sub-divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two sub-divisions: Somatic- voluntary Autonomic- involuntary Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology http://inside.salve.edu/walsh/cns_pns.jpg 2003-2004 Structure and Function of the Neuron Neuron is the scientific name for a Nerve Cell. Neurons consist of 3 basic structures: Cyton, or cell body. Dendrites- receive messages, impulses, and send them to the cell body. Axons- send messages away from the cell body. • Nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another across synapses, or spaces in between the cells. • The “jumping across” the synapse is facilitated (helped) by chemicals called Neurotransmitters. ex: dopamine, serotonin Regents Biology 2003-2004 Parts of the Neuron Dendrites – Branched parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons. Cyton (Cell Body) Contains cytoplasm and the nucleus. Impulses pass through here to the axon. Axon- Single long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body. Regents Biology A Neuron 2003-2004 Regents Biology 2003-2004 Myelin Sheath signal direction Axon coated with insulation made of myelin cells (Fatty, protein substance) speeds signal 330 mph vs. 11 mph myelin coating Multiple Sclerosis Regents Biology immune system (T cells) attacks myelin coating 2003-2004 loss of signal Synapse Junction between nerve cells Regents Biology 1st cell releases chemical, called Neurotransmitter, to trigger next cell drugs affect the nervous system at this junction synapse 2003-2004 Synapses Regents Biology 9 Drugs and Natural Neurotransmitters According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine: Opiates affect the body’s natural neurotransmitters, Dopamine, Serotonin, GABA and Endorphin. So what do they do for you? • • • • • Serotonin regulates sleep and appetite. Dopamine is the feel good chemical, plays an important role in mood, energy, attitude, motivation. GABA acts as your calming neurotransmitter, helping you relax. Acetylcholine for processing information and memory. Endorphins are feel good chemicals our bodies release under extreme pain. They are considered the bodies own opiates. When opioids, heroin and other prescription pain relievers are abused your brain stops producing these neurotransmitters. And here’s why: Opiates release 2 to 10 times the amount of dopamine that natural rewards do. What do you do if the volume is too loud? You turn it down, right? Well our brain does that same thing when it adjusts to the overwhelming surges of dopamine (and other neurotransmitters) sent from abusing drugs. To compensate for these surges your brain begins to automatically produce much less natural dopamine and other key neurotransmitters, which in turn can cause a myriad of opioid withdrawal symptoms and health problems. Regents Biology 10 Regents Biology 11 Nerve impulses, Na+ K+ pump When a nerve fiber is conducting a nerve impulse, which is also known as the action potential , a change in polarity flows along the axon’s membrane. A protein carrier pumps Na+ out of the axon and K+ into the axon. Regents Biology 12 Types of Neurons Neurons can also be classified by the direction that they send information: ・Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system. ・Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. ・Interneurons: send information BETWEEN sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Reflexes Stimulus- a change in the environment. Response/Reactionhow the body reacts to a stimulus. Reflex Arc- the pathway that an impulse follows to illicit a response to a stimulus. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Reflex Arc... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When you touch a hot object you automatically pull your hand away without a conscious effort. Such automatic reflex actions are governed by a simple combination of neurons called reflex arcs. Usually there are five (5) parts of a reflex arc (see text): Receptor - sense organ in skin, muscle, or other organ Sensory neuron - carries impulse towards CNS Interneuron - carries impulse within CNS Motor neuron - carries impulse away from CNS Effector - structure by which animal responds (muscle, gland, etc). Regents Biology 15 Parts of the Central Nervous System The Brain Spinal cord Regents Biology 2003-2004 The Brain Coordinates body activities Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and energy Divided into three major parts the Cerebrum the Cerebellum the Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata, Pons) Regents Biology 2003-2004 Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Thinking Memory is stored Movements are controlled Impulses from the senses are interpreted. Has 2 hemispheres, right and left Regents Biology 2003-2004 What are YOU? Regents Biology 19 Cerebrum specialization Regions specialized for different functions Lobes frontal frontal parietal speech, control of emotions temporal smell, hearing occipital vision parietal speech, taste reading Regents Biology temporal occipital 2003-2004 Cerebellum Responsible for the coordination of muscles and is the center of balance Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology 2003-2004 Medulla Center for regulating heart beat, respiration, and other involuntary actions such as hiccups, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing. Medula Oblongata Regents Biology 2003-2004 Other Structures inside the Brain Thalamus – receives messages from sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum Hypothalamus - Little bean shape, Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc… controls pituitary Regents Biology Section 35-3 Cerebrum Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus Cerebellum Pituitary gland Pons Medulla oblongata Regents Biology Spinal cord The Spinal Cord Extension of the brain stem Bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of your body Regents Biology 2003-2004 The Somatic Peripheral Nervous System Your brain and spinal cord are and Autonomic connected to the Systems The rest of yournervous body by peripheral the peripheral system has two nervous system.The major divisions. The PNSsystem is made somatic up of 12 voluntary pairs of controls nerves from actions. It is your made brain cranial up of called the cranial nerves, andnerves 31 and spinal pairsgo from your that from the spinal cord called central nervous spinal nerves. system to your Spinal nerves are skeletal muscles. made up of bundles The autonomic of sensory and the system controls Research Visit motor neurons involuntary actionsGlencoe Science bound together those not under by Web site at connective tissue. conscious controltx.science.glencoe. For reason, a such as more your heart comthis for single spinalabout nerve rate, breathing, information can have impulses digestion, and the nervous system. going tobrochure and from glandular functions. Make a the brain at the These two outlining recent same time. Some divisions, along with medical advances. nerves contain only the central nervous sensory make neurons, system, up and some your body'scontain nervous only motor neurons, system. but most nerves contain both types of neurons. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Peripheral Nervous System Connects body to brain & spinal cord 12 pairs of nerves from your brain (cranial nerves) 31 pairs from your spinal cord (spinal nerves) Bundles of sensory and motor neurons held together by connective tissue Two divisions Somatic Autonomic Regents Biology 2003-2004 Divisions of the PNS: Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary actions Made up of the cranial and spinal nerves that go from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System Controls involuntary actions-those not under conscious control-such as your heart rate, breathing, digestion, and glandular functions Regents Biology 2003-2004 2 Divisions of Autonomic N. S. Sympathetic division: Important for flight or fight responses. Stops digestion, dilates pupils, increases heart rate and breathing. The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is released. Parasympathetic division: promotes internal responses in the relax state. digestion of food, slows the heart. Uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Regents Biology 30 Regents Biology http://www.christopherreeve.org/Research/Research.cfm?ID=178&c=21 2003-2004 Alzheimer Disease Loss of reason and memory Proteins start to surround the nucleus in the neurons. Plaques form in axons Acetylcholine, the chemical that stimulates neurons, seems to decrease. Regents Biology 32 Animals rely on two systems for homeostasis: Nervous System is a system of nerve cells called neurons. It consists of a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nerves. Typical responses are fast and short lasting. Endocrine System is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormone into the blood. Hormones travel to target tissues. Typical responses are slow and long lasting. Regents Biology Progesterone Estradiol 2003-2004 End of Chapter 8 notes Regents Biology 34 Human Endocrine Glands Ductless glands transport hormones in the blood Duct glands are exocrine glands that use tubes to carry the secretion (salivary, tears) Regents Biology 2003-2004 Pituitary gland and Hypothalamus serve to link the nervous system other glands and metabolic functions. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology 2003-2004 Thyroid and Parathyroid help regulate calcium metabolism Feedback! Regents Biology 2003-2004 Goiter: Iodine deficiency and feedback causes the thyroid to enlarge This people have a goiter, a condition that is easily preventable with iodized salt Regents Biology 2003-2004 Thyroid regulates metabolism Graves disease: hyperthyroid feedback Regents Biology 2003-2004 Pancreas helps regulate blood glucose feedback Insulin from Beta cells reduce blood sugar Glucagon Regents Biologyfrom Alpha cells increase blood sugar 2003-2004 THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT MECHANISM •Large amount of adrenaline pumped into the body to put us in a state of increased alertness •Blood is redirected away from the extremities to the large muscles of the body •The heart starts working harder to move the blood to the large muscle groups as quickly as it can •Increase in Respiratory Rate •Release of red blood cells •Release of sugar by liver •Increase in metabolic rate alektorophobia Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology 2003-2004 Gonads: Testes and Ovaries produce hormones that regulate secondary sex traits Male sex traits include those changes that occur during puberty Androgens include testosterone feedback Regents Biology 2003-2004 Female sex traits include the menstrual cycle and the changes seen during puberty feedback LH and FSH from the pituitary Estrogen and progesterone from the ovary Regents Biology 2003-2004 Identify the Glands Regents Biology 2003-2004