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The Cerebral Cortex What functions are served by various cerebral cortex regions? The main part of the brain is the cerebrum – big piece of folded, wrinkly meat that covers the older more primitive limbic system & brainstem. -Gyri are the grooves in the brain & Sulci are the humps in between the grooves. Newer neural networks within the cerebrum form specialized work teams that enable our perception, thinking and speaking. Covering our cerebral hemispheres is the thin cap or cerebral cortex. This is your body’s ultimate control & info-processing center. Structure of the Cortex 20-23 billion nerve cells with 300 trillion synaptic connections. Neuroglia –Glial Cells: category of neural cells that provide support network of cells surrounding the neurons & blood vessels of the brain & nervous system. -Oligodendroglia & Astrocytes (CNS), Schwann Cells (PNS) Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe & temporal lobe. Functions of the Cortex Frontal Lobe: Controls thinking & judgment {tap your forehead as if thinking through tough decision} Temporal Lobe: Controls hearing {located just beside the ears} Occipital Lobe: Controls vision {ever gotten hit in the back of the head & “saw stars” b/c visual Sx is momentarily impaired} Parietal Lobe: Controls touch & sensory processing {Scratch top of head like you are washing your hair...touch controlled by this part of “head”} Motor Functions Motor Cortex (strip) lies within the frontal lobe & the frontal lobe’s decision-making function works with the motor cortex to create purposeful movement. Sends messages out to the body Fingers & mouth occupy the greatest amount of motor cortical space b/c they require precise control (Foerster & Penfield) 2004, USDA approved 1st clinical trial of neural prosthetics with paralyzed humans Sensory Functions Sensory cortex (strip) lies within the parietal lobe & therefore this lobe’s association areas work with the sensory cortex to process sensory signals for accurate perception. The more sensitive the body region, the larger the sensory cortex devoted to it (lips, fingers…) The Sensory Homunculus as created by Wilder Penfield through his mapping surgeries to treat epilepsy (1950) Association Areas ¾ of the cerebral cortex is uncommitted to sensory or muscular activity Neurons in these association areas integrate information & therefore cannot be neatly mapped Found in all four lobes & increase in more intelligent animals. Association Areas i.e.: In frontal lobes assoc areas enable judgment, planning & processing of new memories. Damage to frontal lobe can also alter personality = Phineas Gage In parietal lobes assoc areas, they enable math & spatial reasoning… In temporal lobes facial recognition {*these are just a few examples!!!!} Phineas Gage Didactic Broca’s Area (frontal lobe) Controls speech muscles via the motor cortex Damage to Broca’s area (Broca’s aphasia): •prevents a person from producing speech •person can understand language •words are not properly formed •speech is slow and slurred Wernicke’s Area (temporal lobe) • • Interprets auditory code Damage to the Wernicke’s Area (Wernicke’s Aphasia): loss of the ability to understand language person can speak clearly, but the words that are put together make no sense. This way of speaking has been called "word salad" because it appears that the words are all mixed up like the vegetables in a salad.