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Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 8: Nervous System
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DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
1. During depolarization (loss in polarization, as when a nerve impulse occurs)
(http://video.search.yahoo.com/play;_ylt=A2KIo9cbFMdSknIAoSv7w8QF;_ylu=X3oDMTB2
dGQwNXBoBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQDVjE1MARncG9zAzU?p=the+process+of+depolarization&vid=f93b27c88bcbf9d30d5146eb957b53ec&l=3%3A24&
turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts2.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DV.4926629346018329%26pid%3D1
5.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DifD1YG07fB8&tit=Actio
n+Potentials&c=4&sigr=11a1n0o4b&sigt=10hhmcj4f&age=0&fr=chr-greentree_sf&tt=b)
a. The neuron is the nerve cell that characteristically has 3 parts: dendrite (process of a
neuron, typically branched that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body), cell body
(portion of a nerve cell that includes a cytoplasmic mass and a nucleus and from which the
nerve fibers extend), and axon (process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses away
from the cell body). The video shows the process of depolarization.
A. potassium ions move outside the neuron.
B. sodium ions move inside the neuron.
C. electrons stream along the axon.
D. calcium ions move inside the neuron.
2. When a nerve is at its resting potential (the potential energy of a resting neuron created by
separating unlike charges across the neuron cell membrane), the inside charge (read paragraph
1 of Resting Potential on p. 158.) is
a. negative.
b. positive.
c. neutral.
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3. Which type of neuron is involved in a reflex arc? (p. 16 of CH. 8 PPT)
a. sensory neuron: neuron that takes the nerve impulse to the central nervous system; also
known as the afferent neuron
b. motor neuron: neuron that takes nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the
effector (1. A muscle, gland, or organ capable of responding to a stimulus,
especially a nerve impulse.2. A nerve ending that carries impulses to a muscle,
gland, or organ and activates muscle contraction or glandular secretion.3.
Biochemistry A small molecule that when bound to an allosteric site of an enzyme
causes either a decrease or an increase in the activity of the enzyme.)
c. interneuron: neuron found within the central nervous system that takes nerve impulses
from one portion of the system to another.
A. sensory
B. motor
C. interneuron
D. All of the choices are correct.
4. What ion is found on the outside of the neuron membrane that mostly contributes to a positive
resting potential? Sodium ions and potassium ions reside on either side of the neuron
membranes. Which of those two reside on the outside? The video should be able to
explain.
A. calcium
B. potassium
C. sodium
D. chloride
5. What do the ventricles (cavity of an organ such as the brain or the heart) of the brain contain?
A. meninges: protective membranous coverings around the brain and spinal cord
B. dura mater: tough outer layer of the meninges; membranes that protect the brain and spinal
cord
C. cerebrospinal fluid: fluid found within the ventricles of the brain and surrounding the CNS in
association with the meninges
D. meninges and dura mater
6. The autonomic nervous system (Hint: When something is autonomous, that means it regulates
itself.)
A. controls skeletal muscle contractions.
B. controls actions of the internal viscera.
C. controls release of secretions from glands.
D. both controls actions of the internal viscera and controls release of secretions from glands are
correct.
7. What protects the spinal cord? (Hint: Name the parts of the spine.)
A. vertebrae: bones of the vertebral column
B. meninges: protective membranous coverings around the brain and spinal cord
C. cerebrospinal fluid: fluid within the ventricles of the brain and surrounding the CNS in
association with the meninges
D. All of the choices are correct.
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8. Which part of a neuron carries impulse away from the cell body?
A. axon: process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
B. dendrite: process of a neuron, typically branched, that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell
body
C. nucleus: large organelle that contains the chromosomes and acts as a cell control center
D. neuroglia: nonconducting nerve cells that are intimately association with neurons and function
in a supportive capacity; to see how these cells function and their types, please visit:
http://www.interactive-biology.com/3583/neuroglia-the-army/
9. Which of the following is NOT served by the somatic sensory division of the PNS? (Hint:
Imagine your body and its parts. What parts can feel beyond the limits of your body?)
A. stomach
B. skeletal muscles
C. special senses
D. skin
10. A sensory neuron carries impulses (Hint: Think of a military outpost in Iraq. An enemy
attacks that outpost. How does that outpost respond?)
A. to muscles and glands.
B. to the CNS.
C. always within the CNS.
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11. What flows across the synaptic cleft (small gap between the synaptic knob on one neuron and
the dendrite on another neuron)?
A. sodium ions (Sodium ions (often referred to as just "sodium") are necessary for regulation of
blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain
metabolic functions. Sodium ions play a diverse and important role in many
physiological processes. Excitable animal cells, for example, rely on the entry of Na+ to
cause a depolarization. An example of this is signal transduction in the human central
nervous system, which depends on sodium ion motion across the nerve cell membrane, in
all nerves.)
B. electrons (the small, negatively charged particle that revolves around the nucleus of an atom)
C. a neurotransmitter (chemical made at the end of axons (process of a neuron that conducts
nerve impulses away from the cell body) that is responsible for transmission across a
synapse)
D. potassium ions (Potassium is the eighth or ninth most common element by mass (0.2%) in the
human body, so that a 60 kg adult contains a total of about 120 g of potassium.[50] The
body has about as much potassium as sulfur and chlorine, and only the major minerals
calcium and phosphorus are more abundant.[51] Potassium cations are important in
neuron (brain and nerve) function, and in influencing osmotic balance between cells and
the interstitial fluid, with their distribution mediated in all animals (but not in all plants)
by the so-called Na+/K+-ATPase pump.[52] This ion pump uses ATP to pump three
sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, thus creating an
electrochemical gradient over the cell membrane. In addition, the highly selective
potassium ion channels (which are tetramers) are crucial for the hyperpolarization, in for
example neurons, after an action potential is fired. The most recently resolved potassium
ion channel is KirBac3.1, which gives a total of five potassium ion channels (KcsA,
KirBac1.1, KirBac3.1, KvAP, and MthK) with a determined structure.[53] All five are
from prokaryotic species.)
12. In which direction does the transmission cross a synapse?
A. dendrite to axon
B. axon to dendrite (Please review your definitions of these terms so that you can
remember why!)
C. either way
D. both ways
13. The lateral ventricles (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricles; A diagram is
located at this site: http://www.eradiography.net/articles/ctbrain/brainanatomy.htm) are located in the
A. cerebrum (main portion of the vertebrate brain that is responsible for consciousness).
B. medulla oblongata (lowest portion of the brain; concerned with the control of the central
nervous system).
C. thalamus (mass of gray matter located at the base of the cerebrum in the wall of the third
ventricle; receives sensory information and selectively passes it to the cerebrum).
D. cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls muscular coordination).
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14. There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
A. 31; 12
B. 12; 31
C. 10; 12
D. 15; 30
15. The spinal cord is part of the ___________, while the cranial nerves (nerve that arises from
the brain) are part of the ___________.
A. CNS, PNS
B. PNS, CNS
16. The primary visual area is located in the ______ lobe.
A. frontal (The executive functions of the frontal lobes involve the ability to recognize
future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose between good and
bad actions (or better and best), override and suppress socially unacceptable
responses, and determine similarities and differences between things or events.
The frontal lobes also play an important part in retaining longer term memories which
are not task-based. These are often memories associated with emotions derived from
input from the brain's limbic system. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to
generally fit socially acceptable norms.)
B. parietal (Since the function summary is very long, please look here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe#Function)
C. temporal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe)
D. occipital (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_lobe)
17. Which of the following is the correct layering of the meninges from superficial to deep?
A. dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater
B. pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater
C. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges#Anatomy)
D. arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater
18. The small gap between two successive neurons is called the
A. synaptic cleft.
B. axon terminal. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_terminal)
C. dendrite terminal. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite)
D. neurotransmitter.
19. The interpretation of olfactory (smell) receptor information would fall under which general
function of the nervous system? http://encyclopedia.lubopitkobg.com/Human_Nervous_System.html
A. sensory input
B. motor output
C. integration
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20. A stimulus will open ion channels that will allow ________ to flow into the neuron, causing
the inside to become______________ charged. (Refer to Question 1 on Depolarization).
A. sodium, negatively
B. sodium, positively
C. potassium, negatively
D. potassium, positively
21. The optic nerve is a
A. cranial nerve.
B. sensory nerve.
C. spinal nerve.
D. cranial nerve and a sensory nerve. (Read this http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve, and
tell me the 2 reasons why the optic nerve is both.)
22. The space between the arachnoid and pia maters that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid is the
A. dural venous sinus.
B. subdural space.
C. subarachnoid space. (Sub- means ‘under’.)
D. epidural space.
23. The limbic system is concerned with (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system)
A. relating feelings to experiences.
B. our deepest emotions, such as rage and pleasure.
C. learning and memory.
D. All of these choices are correct.
24. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter used by
the (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system
A. parasympathetic nervous system. (regulates the internal organs and glands)
B. sympathetic nervous system. (Hint: Adrenaline drives our fight or flight response.)
C. both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
25. Which of the following is a common neurotransmitter?
A. acetylcholine (A white crystalline derivative of choline that is released at the
ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems
and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body.)
B. acetylcholinesterase (An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine.)
C. an enzyme
D. acetylcholinesterase and an enzyme
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26. Which area of the brain serves as the sensory relay station for all sensory input except smell?
A. hypothalamus (the part of the brain that connects the nervous system to the endocrine system
because of its control of the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is responsible for
certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous
system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called
releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate
or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls
body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment
behaviors, thirst,[1] fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
B. pineal gland (The pineal gland, also known as the pineal body, conarium or epiphysis
cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces the
serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of sleep
patterns in the circadian rhythms and seasonal functions.[1][2] Its shape resembles
a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and it is located in the epithalamus, near the
centre of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the
two rounded thalamic bodies join. The pineal gland produces melatonin.
C. thalamus (The thalamus is perched on top of the brainstem, near the center of
the brain, with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all
directions. The medial surface of the thalamus constitutes the upper part of
the lateral wall of the third ventricle, and is connected to the corresponding
surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band, the
interthalamic adhesion. The thalamus has multiple functions. It may be
thought of as a kind of switchboard of information. It is generally believed
to act as a relay between a variety of subcortical areas and the cerebral
cortex. In particular, every sensory system (with the exception of the
olfactory system) includes a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals
and sends them to the associated primary cortical area. For the visual
system, for example, inputs from the retina are sent to the lateral
geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, which in turn projects to the primary
visual cortex (area V1) in the occipital lobe. The thalamus is believed to
both process sensory information as well as relay it—each of the primary
sensory relay areas receives strong "back projections" from the cerebral
cortex. Similarly the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a key auditory relay
between the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the primary auditory
cortex, and the ventral posterior nucleus is a key somatosensory relay,
which sends touch and proprioceptive information to the primary
somatosensory cortex. The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating
states of sleep and wakefulness.[10] Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections
with the cerebral cortex, forming thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits that are believed to be
involved with consciousness. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, the
level of awareness, and activity. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma.
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D. basal nuclei (More often referred to as basal ganglia, these have a role in motor movements,
especially those having to do with the eyes. Basal ganglia connect the cerebral cortex
and thalamus to other parts of the brain.)
27. The protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord are the
A. ventricles. (The ventricular system is a set of structures containing
cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the
spinal cord. The ventricle lining consists of an epithelial membrane called
ependyma. The brain and spinal cord are covered by the meninges, (three
tough membranes) which protect these organs from rubbing against the
bones of the skull and spine. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the skull
and spine is found between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater and
provides further cushioning.The CSF that is produced in the ventricular system has
four main purposes: buoyancy, protection, chemical stability, and the provision of
nutrients necessary to the brain. The protection purpose comes into play with the
meninges: pia mater, and the arachnoid mater. The CSF is there to protect the brain from
striking the cranium when the head is jolted. CSF provides buoyancy and support to the
brain against gravity. The buoyancy protects the brain since the brain and CSF are similar
in density; this makes the brain float in neutral buoyancy, suspended in the CSF. This
allows the brain to attain a decent size and weight without resting on the floor of the
cranium, which would kill nervous tissue.[2][3])
B. meninges. (refer to the definition from earlier)
C. serous membranes. (In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth
membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid, and
a thin epithelial layer. The Latin anatomical name is tunica serosa. Serous
membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous
cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from
muscle movement. Serosa is entirely different from the adventitia, a
connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than
reducing friction between them. The serous membrane covering the heart
and lining the mediastinum is referred to as the pericardium, the serous
membrane lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs is referred
to as the pleura, and that lining the abdominopelvic cavity and the viscera
is referred to as the peritoneum. They secrete a lubricating fluid that
reduces friction in muscle movement.
D. arbor vitae. (The arbor vitae /ˌɑrbɔr ˈvaɪtiː/ (Latin for "Tree of Life") is the
cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance. In
some ways it more resembles a fern and is present in both cerebellar
hemispheres.[1] It brings sensory and motor information to and from the
cerebellum. The arbor vitae is located deep in the cerebellum. Situated
within the arbor vitae are the deep cerebellar and the fastigial nuclei. It also
contains the emboliform-globose and dentate nuclei. These four different
structures lead to the efferent projections of the cerebellum.[2])
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28. The autonomic system that gets the body ready for "fight or flight" is the
A. parasympathetic nervous system.
B. sympathetic nervous system.
C. somatic motor nervous system.
29. A motor neuron carries impulses
A. to muscles and glands.
B. to the CNS.
C. always within the CNS.
30. Which disease is due, in part, to reduced amounts of acetylcholine in the brain?
A. Parkinson's disease
B. Huntington's disease
C. Alzheimer's disease
D. All of the choices are correct.
31. The primary somatosensory area is located in the _____ lobe.
A. frontal: The executive functions of the frontal lobes involve the ability to
recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose
between good and bad actions (or better and best), override and suppress
socially unacceptable responses, and determine similarities and
differences between things or events. The frontal lobes also play an important
part in retaining longer term memories which are not task-based. These are often
memories associated with emotions derived from input from the brain's limbic system.
The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to generally fit socially acceptable norms.
Psychological tests that measure frontal lobe function include finger tapping, Wisconsin
Card Sorting Task, and measures of verbal and figural fluency.[5]
B. parietal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe#Function)
C. temporal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe)
D. occipital (The occipital lobe is divided into several functional visual areas. Each
visual area contains a full map of the visual world. Although there are no
anatomical markers distinguishing these areas (except for the prominent
striations in the striate cortex), physiologists have used electrode
recordings to divide the cortex into different functional regions. The first
functional area is the primary visual cortex. It contains a low-level description of the
local orientation, spatial-frequency and color properties within small receptive fields.
Primary visual cortex projects to the occipital areas of the ventral stream (visual area V2
and visual area V4), and the occipital areas of the dorsal stream—visual area V3, visual
area MT (V5), and the dorsomedial area (DM).
32. Which of the following is part of a neuron?
A. axon
B. cell body
C. dendrite
D. all of these are parts of a neuron
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33. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by
A. dural mater.
B. pia mater.
C. ventricles.
D. ependymal cells (The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells, ependymocytes. These
epithelial-like cells line the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal
of the spinal cord. The cells are ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium-like cells.
Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia, which circulate CSF around
the CNS. Their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb
CSF. Ependymal cells are a type of glial cell and are also CSF producing cells.
Within the ventricles of the brain, a population of modified ependymal cells and
capillaries together form a system called the choroid plexus, which produces the
CSF. Modified tight junctions between ependymal cells control fluid release across
the epithelium. This release allows free exchange between CSF and nervous tissue of
brain and spinal cord. This is why sampling of CSF (e.g. through a "spinal tap")
gives one a window to the CNS. The basal membrane of these cells are
characterized by tentacles like extensions that attach to astrocytes..
34. The central nervous system includes the
A. spinal nerves.
B. brain.
C. cranial nerves.
D. sensory receptors.
35. An interneuron carries impulses
A. to muscles and glands.
B. to the CNS.
C. always within the CNS.
36. Which part of the brain serves to coordinate skeletal muscle movements?
A. cerebrum
B. diencephalon
C. pons
D. cerebellum
37. Which of the following contains the nucleus?
A. axon
B. dendrite
C. cell body
D. none of these
38. What is/are the main function (s) of the spinal cord?
A. reflex center
B. relay center between brain and peripheral nerves
C. reflex center and relay center between brain and peripheral nerves
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39. The neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system is
A. norepinephrine.
B. dopamine.
C. serotonin.
D. acetylcholine.
True / False Questions
40. The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system carries motor fibers.
True False
41. The right side of the brain controls the right side of the body.
True False
42. The conduction of an action potential obeys the all-or-none law.
True False
43. The brain and spinal cord make up the peripheral nervous system.
True False
44. The autonomic nervous system is in control of voluntary activities.
True False
45. Gaps in the myelin sheath are called nodes of Ranvier.
True False
Essay Questions
46. When someone is frightened, they seem to have more strength to run or fight than normal.
What is the reason for this?
47. List and describe the three types of functional areas in the cerebrum.
48. If a person had an injury to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum, what functional losses would
you expect them to have?
Chapter 9 Special Sense/The Sensory System
49. Sensory receptors for sensing pain are called:
a. proprioceptors
b. photoreceptors
c. nociceptors
d. thermoreceptors
50. Which of the following is a receptor for fine touch?
a. Meissner corpuscles
b. Ruffini endings
c. Krause end bulbs
d. Pacinian corpuscles
51. Following are pairs of sensory receptors and stimuli to which the respond. Choose the
correct pair(s).
a. Golgi tendon organs-excessive muscle contraction
b. Visceral nociceptors-oxygen deprivation to an organ
c. Merkel disks-pressure
d. a and b
e. All of the above
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52. Which of the following statements about taste is correct?
a. Taste buds are located in the back of the throat (pharynx).
b. Taste buds respond to five primary taste sensations.
c. Taste buds are a type of chemoreceptor
d. a and b
e. all of the above
53. Select a correct statement about the sense of smell:
a. Taste and smell sensations travel through some of the same brain areas.
b. Olfactory epithelium is located right at the entrance to the nasal cavity.
c. An odor is made by a single type of odor molecule
d. All of the above
54. Complete this statement correctly: The gustatory (taste) control center is located in the _____
lobe and the olfactory (smell) area is located in the ____ lobe of the brain.
a. insula, temporal
b. temporal, parietal
c. frontal, temporal
d. occipital, frontal
55. Which of the following structures is a part of the choroid layer of the eye?
a. iris
b. vitreous body
c. retina
d. cornea
56. The posterior compartment of the eye is filled with:
a. aqueous humor
b. tears
c. blood
d. vitreous humor
57. Which statement is true?
a. Rod cells can be found in the fovea.
b. Light stimulus to rod cells stops the release of neurotransmitter from the rods.
c. Cone cells provide peripheral vision.
d. Cone cells are spread evenly throughout the retina.
58. The sensory organs for position and movement are called ________.
59. Taste buds and olfactory cells are termed _________ because they are sensitive to chemicals
in the air and food.
60. The sensory receptors for sight, the ________ and __________ are located in the ________,
the inner layer of the eye.
61. The cones give us ________ vision and work best in ________ light.
62. The lens _______ for viewing close objects
63. People who are nearsighted cannot see objects that are _________. A ________ lens will
restore this ability.
64. The ossicles are the ________, __________, and ___________.
65. The semicircular canals are involved in the sense of _________.
66. The spiral organ is located in the _________ canal of the ________.
67. Vision, hearing, taste and smell do not occur unless nerve signals reach the proper portion of
the _________.
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68. Name the 5 different types of general sensory receptors, define them, and explain their
functions in your own words.
69. How are somatic and visceral nociceptors alike? How are they different?
70. Describe the relationship between taste and smell.
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