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IMPORTANT WARNING Please note that this PowerPoint Presentation contains animations. In order to view the content properly, an add-in function must be installed into the PowerPoint software. The add-in function is downloadable from the following hyperlink. Swiff Point Player THE AMAZING FACTS OF AGING HISTORICAL AND CURRENT DOGMA OF THE AGING BRAIN Historical perspective • Accelerated rate of brain shrinkage after age 50. • Loss of 100,000 neurons in the cortex per day. • Irreversible process of brain dysfunction. Current perspective • Insignificant loss of neurons. • Neuronal atrophy and loss of synaptic connections. • Evidence of brain plasticity. ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN THE AGING BRAIN Structure Regional function Basal ganglia A collection of nuclei lying deep into the brain. Involves in the regulation of voluntary movement Subarachnoid space CSF containing compartment surrounding the cerebrum. Involves in CSF reabsorption. Hippocampus A component of the limbic system Involves in learning & memory Ventricles Compartment in either side of the cerebral hemispheres. Involves in CSF production. White Matter Collection of myelinated nerve fibres forming the deep brain. Involves in information transmission. ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN THE BASAL GANGLIA Function Neuronal clusters responsible for initiating and integrating movements. Changes Becomes bright in appearance due to iron accumulation ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE Function Contains CSF to provide mechanical protection for the brain. Changes Increase in size due to brain shrinkage ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN THE VENTRICLES Function Production of CSF for mechanical protection. Changes Increase in size due brain shrinkage. ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS Function Development of Learning and Memory Changes Reduction in size due to cell loss in the structure. ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN THE WHITE MATTER Function Communication channel for information processing. Changes Reduction in size due to neuronal atrophy. CONGITIVE CHANGES IN AGING: INTELLIGENCE Fluid Intelligence – Ability to think and reason. Crystallized Intelligence – Ability to apply skill and knowledge. Aged-related change: Decline in fluid intelligence CONGITIVE CHANGES IN AGING: MENTAL PROCESSING Decline in attentional ability Working memory Aged-related change: Decline in mental processing via reduction of attentional ability and decline in ability in forming working memory CONGITIVE CHANGES IN AGING: LONG-TERM MEMORY Explicit memory – Retention of previously acquired skills & reflexes. Implicit memory – Conscious memory of facts & events. Aged-related change: Decline in explicit memory