* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Introduction to Anatomy
Proprioception wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Neurocomputational speech processing wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Muscle memory wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Embodied language processing wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Motor cortex wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Spinal Nerves, Dermatomes, and Cranial Nerves Handout for Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves 1. 31 pairs 2. spinal canal emergence 3. distribution a. 8 cervical b. 12 thoracic c. 5 lumbar d. 5 sacral e. 1 coccygeal Cervical Plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar Plexus Sacral and Coccygeal Plexus Typical Spinal Nerve 1. mixed nerve 2. connective tissues a. endoneurium b. perineurium -- fascicles c. epineurium Dermatomes Cranial Nerves 1. 12 pairs 2. motor components -- arise from brain stem gray matter 3. sensory components -- arise in ganglia outside brain Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Names name I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial auditory glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal mnemonic On Old Olympus' Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed A Hop Cranial Nerve Functions name I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial auditory glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal function sensory sensory motor motor both motor both sensory both both motor motor mnemonic Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Marrying Money Nervous Integration Handout Spinal Tracts A. Sensation 1. Levels of sensation 2. Modality 3. Components of a sensation 4. Generator potentials and receptor potentials 5. Adaptation of sensory receptors B. General senses 1. Cutaneous sensations 2. Proprioceptive sensations C. Physiology of sensory pathways 1. Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway 2. Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathways 3. Somatosensory cortex D. Physiology of motor pathways 1. Direct (pyramidal) pathways 2. Indirect (extrapyramidal) pathways The three essential functions of the nervous system are: 1. sense changes 2. integrate and interpret 3. respond How do the various components of the nervous system cooperate in performing these functions? Sensation versus Perception A sensation may or not be perceived (conscious awareness of the stimulus) Modality-the type of stimulus or sensation it produces –vision, hearing, taste. Levels of Sensation 1. 2. 3. 4. spinal brain stem thalamus cerebral cortex Components of a Sensation 1. 2. 3. 4. stimulation transduction conduction translation Generator Potentials 1. always produce depolarization 2. will initiate an action potential in a sensory neuron if the stimulus is strong enough to form threshold depolarization 3. all receptors except those for vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste create generator potentials Receptor Potentials 1. may produce depolarization or hyperpolarization 2. never directly initiate an action potential in a sensory neuron 3. directly regulates release of neurotransmitter onto a sensory neuron that may initiate threshold depolarization Types of Receptors 1. interceptors (visceroceptors) 2. exteroceptors 3. proprioceptors __________________________ mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors chemoreceptors nociceptors photoreceptors Adaptation of sensory receptors 1. fast-adapting (phasic) receptors Adapt very quickly Specialized for signaling changes in a particular stimulus Pressure, touch, hot, smell 2. slow-adapting (tonic) receptors Adapt slowly, continuing to initiate impulses as long as stimulus persists Pain, body position, cold, chemical composition of blood Cutaneous Sensations 1. tactile, thermal, pain 2. receptor locations 3. receptor distribution Proprioceptive Sensations 1. 2. 3. 4. proprioceptors locations body position sense adapt slowly Physiology of Sensory Pathways 1. most sensory input decussates 2. somatosensory cortex 3. perception 4. Three neurons are required a. first-order neuron b. second-order neuron c. third-order neuron Tracts of the Spinal Cord Posterior Column Pathway 1. fasciculus gracilis & fasciculus cuneatus 2. nucleus gracilis & nucleus cuneatus 3. decussation in medulla 4. medial lemniscus 5. Thalamus 6. Somatosensory Cortex discriminative touch stereognosis kinesthesia vibration weight, discrimination conscious proprioception Anteriolateral Pathways lateral spinothalamic -Pain, thermal anterior spinothalamic tracts -Itch,tickle,pressure,crude touch decussate at gray commissure Somatosensory Cortex 1. homunculus 2. areas of representation 3. receptor to cortical neuron ratio = 1:1 Motor Cortex 1. 2. 3. 4. reflex vs voluntary action homunculus areas of representation motor neuron to motor unit ratio = 1:1 5. upper motor neuron 6. lower motor neuron Direct Pyramidal Motor Pathways 1. lateral corticospinal tracts -- decussate at medulla 2. anterior corticospinal tracts -- decussate at gray commissure 3. corticobulbar tracts -- decussate in brain stem Indirect (extrapyramidal) pathways for coordination and control of movement cerebral cortex upper motor neurons of the pyramidal tracts cerebral nuclei thalamus cerebellum brainstem gray matter spinal cord association neurons lower motor neurons skeletal muscles upper motor neurons of the extrapyramidal tracts: rubrospinal tectospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal INDIRECT (EXTRAPYRAMIDAL) MOTOR PATHWAYS cerebral cortex upper motor neurons of the pyramidal tracts cerebral nuclei thalamus cerebellum brainstem gray matter upper motor neurons of the extrapyramidal tracts: rubrospinal tectospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal spinal cord association neurons lower motor neurons skeletal muscles end