Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... Male Wistar rats (300–350g) were anesthetized initially with pentobarbital sodium (20 mg/kg ip) supplemented with additional injections (8 mg/kg iv) every hour to maintain adequate anesthesia. To reduce secretions in the airways and trachea, atropine (1 mg/kg sc) was administered after the induction ...
... Male Wistar rats (300–350g) were anesthetized initially with pentobarbital sodium (20 mg/kg ip) supplemented with additional injections (8 mg/kg iv) every hour to maintain adequate anesthesia. To reduce secretions in the airways and trachea, atropine (1 mg/kg sc) was administered after the induction ...
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... depolarized during opening/protraction. We sought to determine whether there are other followers that receive B21 input when it is not centrally depolarized. We found one such cell. Moreover, we found that stimulation of B21 during radula opening/protraction significantly decreases the duration of t ...
... depolarized during opening/protraction. We sought to determine whether there are other followers that receive B21 input when it is not centrally depolarized. We found one such cell. Moreover, we found that stimulation of B21 during radula opening/protraction significantly decreases the duration of t ...
Unraveling the Genetics of Distal Hereditary Motor Neuronopathies
... 13 chromosomal loci and seven disease-associated genes have been identified for autosomaldominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked recessive distal HMN. Most of the genes involved encode protein with housekeeping functions, such as RNA processing, translation synthesis, stress response, apoptosis, ...
... 13 chromosomal loci and seven disease-associated genes have been identified for autosomaldominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked recessive distal HMN. Most of the genes involved encode protein with housekeeping functions, such as RNA processing, translation synthesis, stress response, apoptosis, ...
INVESTIGATING THE SOPHISTICATION OF LONG-LATENCY UPPER LIMB
... Although this theory can explain how people move in the world, it does not specifically describe how this control process is implemented by the nervous system. In this thesis, we propose and explore one physiological implication of this theory. Specifically, we hypothesize that rapid feedback respon ...
... Although this theory can explain how people move in the world, it does not specifically describe how this control process is implemented by the nervous system. In this thesis, we propose and explore one physiological implication of this theory. Specifically, we hypothesize that rapid feedback respon ...
Gait training facilitates central drive to ankle
... to a lesion of the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract (Bland et al., 2011; Moreau et al., 2012; Petersen et al., 2013; Willerslev-Olsen et al., 2014a). In healthy children, improved control of the ankle dorsiflexors in the swing phase of walking parallels maturation of the corticospinal tract ac ...
... to a lesion of the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract (Bland et al., 2011; Moreau et al., 2012; Petersen et al., 2013; Willerslev-Olsen et al., 2014a). In healthy children, improved control of the ankle dorsiflexors in the swing phase of walking parallels maturation of the corticospinal tract ac ...
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus
... the main sequence nonlinearity. A critical problem is that the true nature and dynamics of the input signals to the brainstem burst cells (presumed to be dynamic motor error) are in fact unknown, as single-cell recordings only ...
... the main sequence nonlinearity. A critical problem is that the true nature and dynamics of the input signals to the brainstem burst cells (presumed to be dynamic motor error) are in fact unknown, as single-cell recordings only ...
The mirror neuron system and its role in learning Master`s thesis by
... actions. It is therefore likely that humans also possess a mirror neuron system. This system has many connections to other brain areas and is thought to be involved in action understanding and empathy. Another possibility, which is the main topic of this thesis, is that it is also involved in certai ...
... actions. It is therefore likely that humans also possess a mirror neuron system. This system has many connections to other brain areas and is thought to be involved in action understanding and empathy. Another possibility, which is the main topic of this thesis, is that it is also involved in certai ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
Cortical Involvement During Sustained Lower Limb Contractions
... completion (Drew et al., 2004). Current techniques utilized to record and measure neural activity during discrete motor tasks provide valuable information regarding temporal activity [e.g., electromyography (EMG)] as well as spatial activity (e.g., fMRI) of motoneurones; however, very little in know ...
... completion (Drew et al., 2004). Current techniques utilized to record and measure neural activity during discrete motor tasks provide valuable information regarding temporal activity [e.g., electromyography (EMG)] as well as spatial activity (e.g., fMRI) of motoneurones; however, very little in know ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... The motor cortex assumes an increasingly important role in higher mammals relative to that in lower mammals. This is true to such an extent that the human motor cortex is deeply involved in reflex regulation and it is common to speak of “transcortical reflex loops.” Such loops appear to add flexibil ...
... The motor cortex assumes an increasingly important role in higher mammals relative to that in lower mammals. This is true to such an extent that the human motor cortex is deeply involved in reflex regulation and it is common to speak of “transcortical reflex loops.” Such loops appear to add flexibil ...
computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS
... and monkey primates during action observation and action execution (Raos et al., 2004; Raos et al., 2007; Kilintari et al., 2010; Evangeliou et al., 2008). Results have identified a common representational substrate between motor observation and motor execution, suggesting that ther ...
... and monkey primates during action observation and action execution (Raos et al., 2004; Raos et al., 2007; Kilintari et al., 2010; Evangeliou et al., 2008). Results have identified a common representational substrate between motor observation and motor execution, suggesting that ther ...
Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... DOPAMINERGIC INTERNEURON MODULATES FEEDING CPG ...
... DOPAMINERGIC INTERNEURON MODULATES FEEDING CPG ...
Spasticity after stroke: Physiology, assessment and treatment
... (e.g., degree of stretching) and may be dependent on the CNS lesion’s location [16, 17]. When the balance between inhibitory and excitatory fibres is disturbed, it can result in various aspects of upper limb syndrome, such as hypotonia, dyskinesia or spasticity. Three lesion sites have been suggeste ...
... (e.g., degree of stretching) and may be dependent on the CNS lesion’s location [16, 17]. When the balance between inhibitory and excitatory fibres is disturbed, it can result in various aspects of upper limb syndrome, such as hypotonia, dyskinesia or spasticity. Three lesion sites have been suggeste ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... importance of dopamine release at regulating the transmission at specific synapses in the striatum are accepted. However, some of the details of the earlier pathophysiology models of basal ganglia diseases have fallen by the wayside, most likely because the anatomical models were too rigidly transfor ...
... importance of dopamine release at regulating the transmission at specific synapses in the striatum are accepted. However, some of the details of the earlier pathophysiology models of basal ganglia diseases have fallen by the wayside, most likely because the anatomical models were too rigidly transfor ...
The Motor System
... remain uncrossed. The distribution is myotomal because skeletal muscles are innervated by peripheral nerves that originate from selected levels of the spinal cord. ...
... remain uncrossed. The distribution is myotomal because skeletal muscles are innervated by peripheral nerves that originate from selected levels of the spinal cord. ...
maintenance of motor pattern phase relationships in the ventilatory
... the basis of an analysis of the correlation between cycle period and time delays in the pattern. However, such correlations are not a sufficient basis on which to conclude that phase remains constant in a motor pattern (see Discussion). In addition, Young’s data were obtained from semi-intact prepar ...
... the basis of an analysis of the correlation between cycle period and time delays in the pattern. However, such correlations are not a sufficient basis on which to conclude that phase remains constant in a motor pattern (see Discussion). In addition, Young’s data were obtained from semi-intact prepar ...
Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... -Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, exe ...
... -Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, exe ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... neurons is a response to guidance cues in the environment rather than entirely an intrinsic timing mechanism (Garel et ...
... neurons is a response to guidance cues in the environment rather than entirely an intrinsic timing mechanism (Garel et ...
Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
The basal ganglia: from motor commands to the
... planning, at the early stages of execution, had the largest effects on kinematics. A more recent study extended these results using a task in which monkeys learned to reach to each of 4 targets either in a specific sequence or in random order. Turner and Desmurget [34] found that the primary effect ...
... planning, at the early stages of execution, had the largest effects on kinematics. A more recent study extended these results using a task in which monkeys learned to reach to each of 4 targets either in a specific sequence or in random order. Turner and Desmurget [34] found that the primary effect ...
Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention
... confidence in her ability to acquire the skills necessary for windsurfing. Beyond the transfer of balance-related skills, this confidence will likely reduce self-related concerns and cognitions, allowing her to focus on achieving the task goal and maintaining her balance despite perturbations from w ...
... confidence in her ability to acquire the skills necessary for windsurfing. Beyond the transfer of balance-related skills, this confidence will likely reduce self-related concerns and cognitions, allowing her to focus on achieving the task goal and maintaining her balance despite perturbations from w ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... 1992, Jung & Dasen 2015). A major focus in recent years has been linking the organization and function of spinal and supraspinal neural networks with specific types of behaviors. Our current understanding of how motor circuits are assembled derives from classical studies on development and neuroanat ...
... 1992, Jung & Dasen 2015). A major focus in recent years has been linking the organization and function of spinal and supraspinal neural networks with specific types of behaviors. Our current understanding of how motor circuits are assembled derives from classical studies on development and neuroanat ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... have an essential and distinctive role in the organization (coordination, timing, and sequencing) of a normal motor output. Finally, the basal ganglia, as well as the cerebellum, play an important role in motor learning processes, albeit in different aspects and phases. The present account briefly r ...
... have an essential and distinctive role in the organization (coordination, timing, and sequencing) of a normal motor output. Finally, the basal ganglia, as well as the cerebellum, play an important role in motor learning processes, albeit in different aspects and phases. The present account briefly r ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... reticular formation are controlled largely by other motor centers in the cortex or brainstem. The relevant neurons in the reticular formation initiate adjustments that stabilize posture during ongoing movements. The way the upper motor neurons of the reticular formation maintain posture can be appre ...
... reticular formation are controlled largely by other motor centers in the cortex or brainstem. The relevant neurons in the reticular formation initiate adjustments that stabilize posture during ongoing movements. The way the upper motor neurons of the reticular formation maintain posture can be appre ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... was significantly reduced in SMA spinal cords (Figure 1C), even at high stimulation intensities (103T; data not shown). On average, there was an approximately 85% reduction in the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic response from SMA L1 motor neurons at P4 (Figure 1C). There was no difference between ...
... was significantly reduced in SMA spinal cords (Figure 1C), even at high stimulation intensities (103T; data not shown). On average, there was an approximately 85% reduction in the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic response from SMA L1 motor neurons at P4 (Figure 1C). There was no difference between ...