Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics
... In contrast, other studies have described relationships between M1 activity and various kinematic parameters of motor output such as the direction and distance of targets relative to the hand, and the direction, speed, and spatial path of hand displacement (Ashe and Georgopoulos 1994; Caminiti et al ...
... In contrast, other studies have described relationships between M1 activity and various kinematic parameters of motor output such as the direction and distance of targets relative to the hand, and the direction, speed, and spatial path of hand displacement (Ashe and Georgopoulos 1994; Caminiti et al ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... behaviors, are reflected in the organization, physiology, and connections between areas of frontal cortex and in their projections through basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby develop ...
... behaviors, are reflected in the organization, physiology, and connections between areas of frontal cortex and in their projections through basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby develop ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... directly to motoneurons, and thereby influence specific aspects of segmental motor control. These results suggest that corticospinal projections from the SMA, CMAd, and CMAv are in many respects similar to those of efferents from M1. Consequently, each of the motor areas on the medial wall has the p ...
... directly to motoneurons, and thereby influence specific aspects of segmental motor control. These results suggest that corticospinal projections from the SMA, CMAd, and CMAv are in many respects similar to those of efferents from M1. Consequently, each of the motor areas on the medial wall has the p ...
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... from the cerebral cortex with movement-produced somatosensory feedback from the spinal cord and information about balance from the vestibular receptors in the inner ear. Errors are corrected by affecting the planning, timing, and coordination of muscular contractions during movement. The basal gangl ...
... from the cerebral cortex with movement-produced somatosensory feedback from the spinal cord and information about balance from the vestibular receptors in the inner ear. Errors are corrected by affecting the planning, timing, and coordination of muscular contractions during movement. The basal gangl ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... participate in controlling the movement, such as the basal ganglia, which help to produce the appropriate amount of force, and the cerebellum, which helps to regulate timing and corrects any errors in movement. Although at this point you probably will not remember all these various steps in controll ...
... participate in controlling the movement, such as the basal ganglia, which help to produce the appropriate amount of force, and the cerebellum, which helps to regulate timing and corrects any errors in movement. Although at this point you probably will not remember all these various steps in controll ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... Sherff, Carolyn M. and Brian Mulloney. Passive properties of swimmeret motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 92–102, 1997. Four different functional types of motor neurons innervate each swimmeret: return-stroke excitors (RSEs), power-stroke excitors (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power- ...
... Sherff, Carolyn M. and Brian Mulloney. Passive properties of swimmeret motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 92–102, 1997. Four different functional types of motor neurons innervate each swimmeret: return-stroke excitors (RSEs), power-stroke excitors (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power- ...
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... outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, to facilitate recovery of motor skills in a nonhuman primate model of ischemic cortical damage. Methods—Using a between-groups repeated-measures design, squirrel monkeys were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: an experimental group received in ...
... outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, to facilitate recovery of motor skills in a nonhuman primate model of ischemic cortical damage. Methods—Using a between-groups repeated-measures design, squirrel monkeys were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: an experimental group received in ...
The dual nature of time preparation: neural
... single pulse TMS was delivered, over the hand area of the left motor cortex (M1), according to seven stimulation times distributed either during the preparatory period or during the RT. Note that when the stimulation was delivered during the foreperiod, the subjects were unaware as to the effector i ...
... single pulse TMS was delivered, over the hand area of the left motor cortex (M1), according to seven stimulation times distributed either during the preparatory period or during the RT. Note that when the stimulation was delivered during the foreperiod, the subjects were unaware as to the effector i ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptual and anatomical terms. Conceptually, under active inference, predictions about proprioceptive input are passed down the hierarchy; not motor commands. Anatomicall ...
... classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptual and anatomical terms. Conceptually, under active inference, predictions about proprioceptive input are passed down the hierarchy; not motor commands. Anatomicall ...
ALS - AJNR Blog
... • Evidence of UMN degeneration by clinical examination • Progressive spread of symptoms or signs within a region or to other regions (The body is divided into four regions: cranial, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral) ...
... • Evidence of UMN degeneration by clinical examination • Progressive spread of symptoms or signs within a region or to other regions (The body is divided into four regions: cranial, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral) ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... primates has been subdivided into two regions: areas 4 and 6 according to Brodmann (1909) or “precentral area” and “intermediate precentral area” according to Campbell (1905). Area 4 (or “precentral area”) is characterized by giant pyramidal or Betz cells in layer V; these cells are missing in area ...
... primates has been subdivided into two regions: areas 4 and 6 according to Brodmann (1909) or “precentral area” and “intermediate precentral area” according to Campbell (1905). Area 4 (or “precentral area”) is characterized by giant pyramidal or Betz cells in layer V; these cells are missing in area ...
The impact of iconic gestures on foreign language word learning
... whether the enhancing effect on verbal memory when performing a speech gesture during word learning is caused by the physical performance of the action itself, by the reactivation of a mental image, or possibly both. We reason that if the enhancement only depends on motor activity or on multimodalit ...
... whether the enhancing effect on verbal memory when performing a speech gesture during word learning is caused by the physical performance of the action itself, by the reactivation of a mental image, or possibly both. We reason that if the enhancement only depends on motor activity or on multimodalit ...
Making Arm Movements Within Different Parts of Space: Dynamic
... of muscular activity or joint variables. A third interesting possibility is that information from both of thesedomains of representationare combined to code direction of movement. These alternatives can be testedexperimentally assumingthat a salient property of motor cortical cells is their directio ...
... of muscular activity or joint variables. A third interesting possibility is that information from both of thesedomains of representationare combined to code direction of movement. These alternatives can be testedexperimentally assumingthat a salient property of motor cortical cells is their directio ...
the organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
... long stimulation trains did not resemble muscle twitches or segregated joint rotations. Instead they were complex, involved many joints in coordination, and often resembled meaningful actions such as putting the hand to the mouth and opening the mouth, making a defensive gesture as if to ward off an ...
... long stimulation trains did not resemble muscle twitches or segregated joint rotations. Instead they were complex, involved many joints in coordination, and often resembled meaningful actions such as putting the hand to the mouth and opening the mouth, making a defensive gesture as if to ward off an ...
Functional organization of inferior parietal lobule convexity in the
... penetration. Only those penetrations in which three or more sites showed reliable neural activity were included in the analysis. Cortical sites deeper than 3000 lm were used for establishing the location of intraparietal, lateral and superior temporal sulci and to identify the cortical areas located ...
... penetration. Only those penetrations in which three or more sites showed reliable neural activity were included in the analysis. Cortical sites deeper than 3000 lm were used for establishing the location of intraparietal, lateral and superior temporal sulci and to identify the cortical areas located ...
neurophysics.ucsd.edu
... common muscles in the snout [4,17], and their robust oneto-one coordination suggests that they might depend on a common rhythm generator. Since Welker’s initial qualitative observations, synchronous sniffing and whisking has been more completely described [18,19] and quantified [20,21] in several su ...
... common muscles in the snout [4,17], and their robust oneto-one coordination suggests that they might depend on a common rhythm generator. Since Welker’s initial qualitative observations, synchronous sniffing and whisking has been more completely described [18,19] and quantified [20,21] in several su ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... was hyperpolarized to prevent its spiking. This procedure failed to prevent the swim motor program, consistent with the view that DRI is not part of the cycle generating mechanism, but instead functions as a preCPG command neuron. During the swim motor program, C2, DSI and DRI received inhibition du ...
... was hyperpolarized to prevent its spiking. This procedure failed to prevent the swim motor program, consistent with the view that DRI is not part of the cycle generating mechanism, but instead functions as a preCPG command neuron. During the swim motor program, C2, DSI and DRI received inhibition du ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... gamma (HG) frequency range (>60 Hz) constitute a spatially, temporally, and functionally-specific index of cortical processing in ECoG (Crone et al., 1998, 2001a,b; Leuthardt et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2007a; Pfurtscheller et al., 2003), electroencephalography (EEG; Ball et al., 2008), and magnetoe ...
... gamma (HG) frequency range (>60 Hz) constitute a spatially, temporally, and functionally-specific index of cortical processing in ECoG (Crone et al., 1998, 2001a,b; Leuthardt et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2007a; Pfurtscheller et al., 2003), electroencephalography (EEG; Ball et al., 2008), and magnetoe ...
Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and
... transneuronal tract-tracing method using a neurotropic virus was determined to be the most suitable technique for this type of investigation, because these viruses selectively infect neurons and are then transported across synapses in a time-dependent manner (Ugolini et al., 1989; Zemanick et al., 1 ...
... transneuronal tract-tracing method using a neurotropic virus was determined to be the most suitable technique for this type of investigation, because these viruses selectively infect neurons and are then transported across synapses in a time-dependent manner (Ugolini et al., 1989; Zemanick et al., 1 ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Decomposing the
... manual movements and dexterous control. However, TMS predominantly activates fast-conducting crossed corticospinal fibers, and thus MEPs only reflect a part of descending projections that contribute to the control of movement (cf. Bestmann and Krakauer 2015; Di Lazzaro and Rothwell 2014; Di Lazzaro ...
... manual movements and dexterous control. However, TMS predominantly activates fast-conducting crossed corticospinal fibers, and thus MEPs only reflect a part of descending projections that contribute to the control of movement (cf. Bestmann and Krakauer 2015; Di Lazzaro and Rothwell 2014; Di Lazzaro ...
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... The long latency postural response, at least in the upper limbs, is also modulated according to the voluntary goal of an upcoming action (Pruszynski et al., 2008; Crevecoeur et al., 2013). Hammond was the first to demonstrate that perturbations of elbow posture could induce a response in the biceps ...
... The long latency postural response, at least in the upper limbs, is also modulated according to the voluntary goal of an upcoming action (Pruszynski et al., 2008; Crevecoeur et al., 2013). Hammond was the first to demonstrate that perturbations of elbow posture could induce a response in the biceps ...
Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... in a particular rhombomere, as well as the timing of the onset of the expression and the expression level, dictates segmentation and segment identity at that axial level. The patterns of Hox gene expression in the hindbrain are established, at least in part, by the diffusible action of FGF8 and reti ...
... in a particular rhombomere, as well as the timing of the onset of the expression and the expression level, dictates segmentation and segment identity at that axial level. The patterns of Hox gene expression in the hindbrain are established, at least in part, by the diffusible action of FGF8 and reti ...
Making Mirrors: Premotor Cortex Stimulation
... and the observation of the same action being performed by another. These neurons have been recorded in ventral premotor and inferior parietal cortex in the macaque, but human brain imaging studies suggest that areas responding to the observation and performance of actions are more widespread. We use ...
... and the observation of the same action being performed by another. These neurons have been recorded in ventral premotor and inferior parietal cortex in the macaque, but human brain imaging studies suggest that areas responding to the observation and performance of actions are more widespread. We use ...