Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... establishment of connections between sensory afferents and those motor pools that have synergistic biomechanical functions. We show here that genetically abolishing central sensory-motor neurotransmission leads to a selective enhancement in the number and density of such ‘‘heteronymous’’ connections ...
... establishment of connections between sensory afferents and those motor pools that have synergistic biomechanical functions. We show here that genetically abolishing central sensory-motor neurotransmission leads to a selective enhancement in the number and density of such ‘‘heteronymous’’ connections ...
Common and specific inhibitory motor neurons innervate
... motor control strategy (reviewed in Rathmayer, 1998) (see also Wolf, 1990). In keeping with this essential role, both limb (reviewed in Wiens, 1989) and body wall (Schmäh and Wolf, 2003a) muscles receive inhibitory innervation, in addition to their standard excitatory drive (e.g. Hoyle and Burrows, ...
... motor control strategy (reviewed in Rathmayer, 1998) (see also Wolf, 1990). In keeping with this essential role, both limb (reviewed in Wiens, 1989) and body wall (Schmäh and Wolf, 2003a) muscles receive inhibitory innervation, in addition to their standard excitatory drive (e.g. Hoyle and Burrows, ...
intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring
... true for leg muscles (Figure 3). This suggests that other factors may be involved, such as segmental alpha motor neuron summation properties, motor unit synchronicity or I wave facilitation. In practice, 4 ms might be a good starting point when leg muscles are included in monitoring, but a shorter i ...
... true for leg muscles (Figure 3). This suggests that other factors may be involved, such as segmental alpha motor neuron summation properties, motor unit synchronicity or I wave facilitation. In practice, 4 ms might be a good starting point when leg muscles are included in monitoring, but a shorter i ...
A Curious Commentary on a Book on Mirror Neurons and Other
... many non-mirror, and perhaps including eye movements. Finally, Michael et al. (Michael et al., 2014) report that TMS to lip motor cortex disrupts the understanding of lip more than hand actions and vise versa. This study did assess comprehension and due to the nature of the task is less susceptible ...
... many non-mirror, and perhaps including eye movements. Finally, Michael et al. (Michael et al., 2014) report that TMS to lip motor cortex disrupts the understanding of lip more than hand actions and vise versa. This study did assess comprehension and due to the nature of the task is less susceptible ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... Significantly lower FA values in SCI subjects also occurred bilaterally in the medial prefrontal and adjacent perigenual and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices and in the primary somatosensory and precuneus cortices. No region showed greater FA in SCI patients compared with controls. Tractography ...
... Significantly lower FA values in SCI subjects also occurred bilaterally in the medial prefrontal and adjacent perigenual and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices and in the primary somatosensory and precuneus cortices. No region showed greater FA in SCI patients compared with controls. Tractography ...
Spatial generalization from learning dynamics of
... training at either Left or Right work spaces resulted in improved performance (as compared with that of naive subjects) at the C enter work space. We recruited eight subjects. No EMG was recorded from this pilot group. These subjects were trained initially in the null field in each of the three work ...
... training at either Left or Right work spaces resulted in improved performance (as compared with that of naive subjects) at the C enter work space. We recruited eight subjects. No EMG was recorded from this pilot group. These subjects were trained initially in the null field in each of the three work ...
Mirror neurons or emulator neurons?
... account (Fig. 1a) postulates a new entry point to the motor loop during action observation. This new entry point is the mirror system, which duplicates the motor command necessary for the observed action by 'direct matching', bypassing the normal route through the motor controller (the inverse model ...
... account (Fig. 1a) postulates a new entry point to the motor loop during action observation. This new entry point is the mirror system, which duplicates the motor command necessary for the observed action by 'direct matching', bypassing the normal route through the motor controller (the inverse model ...
Principles of Neural Science
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... from a painful stimulus. Flexion-withdrawal is a protective reflex in which a discrete stimulus causes all the flexor muscles in that limb to contract coordinately. We know that this is a spinal reflex because it persists after complete transection of the spinal cord. The sensory signal activates di ...
... from a painful stimulus. Flexion-withdrawal is a protective reflex in which a discrete stimulus causes all the flexor muscles in that limb to contract coordinately. We know that this is a spinal reflex because it persists after complete transection of the spinal cord. The sensory signal activates di ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... takes place, for in most cases movement appears at more than one joint simultaneously. . . . The motor homunculus may be used as an aid to memory in regard to movement sequence and the relative extent of cortex in which such movement finds representation. It is a cartoon of representation in which s ...
... takes place, for in most cases movement appears at more than one joint simultaneously. . . . The motor homunculus may be used as an aid to memory in regard to movement sequence and the relative extent of cortex in which such movement finds representation. It is a cartoon of representation in which s ...
Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after
... with progressing development. mCherry+ cells were still detectable at 10 dpf, but had completely disappeared in adults (data not shown). At 3 dpf, triple-labeling of Hb9, ChAT and mCherry revealed that 86% of the mCherry-labeled spinal cells were also positive for Hb9, ChAT or both, indicating that ...
... with progressing development. mCherry+ cells were still detectable at 10 dpf, but had completely disappeared in adults (data not shown). At 3 dpf, triple-labeling of Hb9, ChAT and mCherry revealed that 86% of the mCherry-labeled spinal cells were also positive for Hb9, ChAT or both, indicating that ...
Evidence for a distributed hierarchy of action
... a child imitates another person performing a behavior such as grasping the ear on the same or opposite side of the acting hand, the child tends to copy the goal (the ear being grasped) rather than subgoals (the hand doing the grasping). In this model, interactions with objects and associated outcome ...
... a child imitates another person performing a behavior such as grasping the ear on the same or opposite side of the acting hand, the child tends to copy the goal (the ear being grasped) rather than subgoals (the hand doing the grasping). In this model, interactions with objects and associated outcome ...
in search of memory traces
... appears to be the most robust and sensitive measure of learning (Lavond et al. 1990). Recordings from the relevant motor nuclei, particularly the sixth, accessory sixth, and seventh, showed essentially identical patterns of learning-induced increases in neuronal activity. It is important to stress t ...
... appears to be the most robust and sensitive measure of learning (Lavond et al. 1990). Recordings from the relevant motor nuclei, particularly the sixth, accessory sixth, and seventh, showed essentially identical patterns of learning-induced increases in neuronal activity. It is important to stress t ...
PDF Mynark - American Kinesiology Association
... Two basic experimental designs have been used to stimulate and measure the spinal stretch reflex (SSR) arc: (a) the traditional tendon-tap methodology and (b) the Hoffmann or H-reflex. Measuring the SSR via the tendon-tap involves a mechanical perturbation to the tendon of the target muscle. EMG act ...
... Two basic experimental designs have been used to stimulate and measure the spinal stretch reflex (SSR) arc: (a) the traditional tendon-tap methodology and (b) the Hoffmann or H-reflex. Measuring the SSR via the tendon-tap involves a mechanical perturbation to the tendon of the target muscle. EMG act ...
Neurophysiological evidence of spared upper motor neurons after
... potentials (SSEPs) were recorded after stimulation of the median nerve in the forearm. The SSEPs were measured in each animal before and after the injury. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from forearm extensor muscles after transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. The SSEPs ...
... potentials (SSEPs) were recorded after stimulation of the median nerve in the forearm. The SSEPs were measured in each animal before and after the injury. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from forearm extensor muscles after transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. The SSEPs ...
Imitation: is cognitive neuroscience solving the correspondence
... It is now widely acknowledged that the inferior parietal cortex is involved in imitation, but the role of the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) remains controversial. The posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) is thought to be the human homologue of premotor area F5 in monkeys ...
... It is now widely acknowledged that the inferior parietal cortex is involved in imitation, but the role of the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) remains controversial. The posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) is thought to be the human homologue of premotor area F5 in monkeys ...
nervous system physiology 4
... When that axon fires, all of those myofibers (with one each motor end plate) are going to fire simultaneously and maximally. The amount of force generated in an anatomic muscle is dependent on how many motor units in it are "recruited" into use (hundreds/ thousands of motor units in any given muscle ...
... When that axon fires, all of those myofibers (with one each motor end plate) are going to fire simultaneously and maximally. The amount of force generated in an anatomic muscle is dependent on how many motor units in it are "recruited" into use (hundreds/ thousands of motor units in any given muscle ...
Encoding of Movement Fragments in the Motor Cortex
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
CNS learns Stable, Accurate and Efficient Movements using a
... systems because neural delays preclude the use of feedback to compensate for instability in the environment (Mehta and Schaal, 2002). While it is recognized that the internal representation can be rapidly modified to adapt to changes in environmental forces, the mechanisms employed by the central ne ...
... systems because neural delays preclude the use of feedback to compensate for instability in the environment (Mehta and Schaal, 2002). While it is recognized that the internal representation can be rapidly modified to adapt to changes in environmental forces, the mechanisms employed by the central ne ...
PERSPECTIVES
... Figure 2 | Visual and motor responses of a mirror neuron in area PF. Rasters and histograms showing the response to a series of actions of a neuron in area PF of the right hemisphere. a | A piece of food was placed on a tray and presented to the monkey. The experimenter grasped the food with the lef ...
... Figure 2 | Visual and motor responses of a mirror neuron in area PF. Rasters and histograms showing the response to a series of actions of a neuron in area PF of the right hemisphere. a | A piece of food was placed on a tray and presented to the monkey. The experimenter grasped the food with the lef ...
Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network
... final common pathway for different types of brain damage, resulting from a compensatory but non optimized outgrowth of new connections because of impaired normal connection pathway. In current study, we hypothesized that motor network randomization would be observed during stroke recovery; (2) recen ...
... final common pathway for different types of brain damage, resulting from a compensatory but non optimized outgrowth of new connections because of impaired normal connection pathway. In current study, we hypothesized that motor network randomization would be observed during stroke recovery; (2) recen ...
Branched thalamic afferents - the Sherman Lab
... et al., 1991; Bridgeman, 2007; Miall and Wolpert, 1996; Perrone and Krauzlis (2008); Sommer and Wurtz, 2008, Klier and Angelaki, 2008). The proposed pathways are often theoretical, with the actual anatomy of the pathways generally not clearly defined or completely undefined, and a number of differen ...
... et al., 1991; Bridgeman, 2007; Miall and Wolpert, 1996; Perrone and Krauzlis (2008); Sommer and Wurtz, 2008, Klier and Angelaki, 2008). The proposed pathways are often theoretical, with the actual anatomy of the pathways generally not clearly defined or completely undefined, and a number of differen ...
Central Topography of Cranial Motor Nuclei Controlled by
... motor nuclei also occupy distinct positions and receive synaptic input from distinct sources. It seems likely that the stereotyped and highly reproducible positioning of these cranial motor nuclei may be required for appropriate afferent inputs. This precise topography therefore underlies the emerge ...
... motor nuclei also occupy distinct positions and receive synaptic input from distinct sources. It seems likely that the stereotyped and highly reproducible positioning of these cranial motor nuclei may be required for appropriate afferent inputs. This precise topography therefore underlies the emerge ...
Lecture 26-BasalGanglia
... • As a result thalamic input to the motor area of the cortex is reduced and • Patient exhibits rigidity and bradykinesia ...
... • As a result thalamic input to the motor area of the cortex is reduced and • Patient exhibits rigidity and bradykinesia ...
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
... Each of the descending pathways involved in motor control has a number of anatomical, molecular, pharmacological, and neuroinformatic characteristics. They are differentially involved in motor control, a process that results from operations involving the entire motor network rather than from the bra ...
... Each of the descending pathways involved in motor control has a number of anatomical, molecular, pharmacological, and neuroinformatic characteristics. They are differentially involved in motor control, a process that results from operations involving the entire motor network rather than from the bra ...