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LinAZ Simulaton Listening Exam 2 – Level B1 Prof. Peter Cullen 04 2017 Text Wade Marshall’s studies revolutionized our understanding of how sensory information is organized and represented in the brain. Marshall showed that even though the different systems carry different types of information and end up in different regions of the cerebral cortex, they share a common logic in their organization: all sensory information is organized topographically in the brain in the form of precise maps of the body’s sensory receptors, such as, the retina or the eye, the basilar membrane in the ear, or the skin on the body surface. These sensory maps are most easily understood by the representation of touch in the somatosensory cortex. Touch begins with the receptors in the skin that translate the energy of a stimulus – for example, the energy transmitted by a pinch – into electrical signals in sensory neurons. The signals then travel along precise pathways to the brain, passing through several processing or relay stages in the brain stem and thalamus before terminating in the somatosensory cortex. At each stage the signals travelling from adjacent points on the skin are carried by nerve fibers that run alongside each other. In this way, stimulation of two adjacent fingers, for instance, activates adjacent populations of nerve cells in the brain. Knowledge of the brain’s sensory maps and an understanding of how they are organized topographically is exceedingly helpful in treating patients. Because these maps are incredibly precise, clinical neurology has long been an accurate diagnostic discipline, even though it has relied only on the simplest, most primitive of tools until the invention of sophisticated imaging machinery. These primitive tools included a wad of cotton to test for touch, a safety pin to test for pain, a tuning fork to test for vibration, and a hammer to test for reflex action. Disturbances in the sensory and motor systems can be located with remarkable accuracy because of the one-to-one relationship between sites on the body and the areas of the brain. 1 LinAZ Simulaton Listening Exam 2 – Level B1 Prof. Peter Cullen 04 2017 ___________________________________________ __________30/30 Name, Date, and Registration Number Questions: You do not have to use complete sentences! This is a listening exam. SIMPLE AND CORRECT IS BETTER THAN COMPLICATED AND WRONG. 1. What did Wade Marshall’s studies revolutionize? 2. How is all sensory information is organized in the brain? 3. What do the receptors in the skin that translate the energy of a stimulus into? 4. What does stimulation of two adjacent fingers on your hand activate in the brain? 5. Name three primitive tools used in clinical neurology before the invention of sophisticated imaging equipment. ______/20 True or False: Write “True” or “False” in the space next to each statement 1. Marshall showed that different neural systems carry different types of information and end up in different regions of the cerebral cortex, and do not share a common logic in their organization. ________________ 2. The basilar membrane is in the ear. ________________ 3. These sensory maps are least easily understood by the representation of touch in the somatosensory cortex. ________________ 4. The signals travelling from adjacent points on the skin are carried by nerve fibers that run alongside each other. ________________ 5. Disturbances in the sensory and motor systems can be located with remarkable accuracy because of the one-to-one relationship between sites on the body and the areas of the brain. ________________ 2 LinAZ Simulaton Listening Exam 2 – Level B1 Prof. Peter Cullen 04 2017 ______/10 LinAZ Listening Exam 3 – Level B1 Prof. Peter Cullen Jan 2017 Answer Sheet True or False: Write “True” or “False” in the space next to each statement 1 2 3 4 5 F T F T T 3