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Topic 8.3 Locate and state the functions of the regions of the human brain Cerebral hemispheres (ability to see, think, learn and feel emotions), Hypothalamus (thermoregulate), Cerebellum (coordinate movement) and Medulla oblongata (control the heartbeat). Describe the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans in medical diagnosis and investigating brain structure and function. The brain is the coordinator of the body: interprets information from our environment and controls our internal environment Types of neurones: Sensory, motor and relay Differences in structure: Location of cell body, length of dendrites and axons Grey matter: mainly cell bodies White matter: mainly myelinated axons The cerebral cortex is the largest part of the brain (2/3rd of total) It is made up of the left and right hemispheres, connected by “white matter” – axons in the corpus callosum. Hemispheres = “grey matter” – cell bodies, synapses and dendrites. Outermost sheet of neural tissue, highly folded. Interactive Tutorial and Activity 8.10 Use book to complete Activity 8.10a and label Fig 8.37 Q8.32-8.34 How do we know what the different regions do? Various scans: MRI, CAT, etc. Before this technology, how do you think neuroscientists were able to work out the functions of each part of the brain? Stroke victims, accidents to the brain. What Metal bar through brain What changed? His personality, he became impatient, foul mouthed, irresponsible, could not make plans for the future What kind of accident did he have? parts of his brain were damaged? Midbrain and frontal lobe connections Can you explain these changes? http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/860188.stm- What Can’t recognise faces. Called- Prosopagnosia What part of his brain is damaged? Temporal lobe What problem does he have? else could cause damage? Drugs, lack of O2, strokes, tumours, disease, infection Brad Pitt has this condition One symptom which often occurs in stroke victims are speech problems Paul Broca studied the brains of such patients after they died He found a region of the frontal lobe damaged Now called the Broca’s area or region Some patients can recover after a stroke. What does this show? The brain is flexible, neural plasticity Complete Activity 8.11 What does CAT/CT stand for? Which type of Xray is used? Why? What can CT scans show? What are its disadvantages? Computerised axial tomography Which type of X-ray is used? Why? Narrow beam x-rays pass through soft tissues: these change (reduce in strength) depending on the density of the material they pass through What Can show frozen moment pictures of soft tissue such as the brain What can CT scans show? are the disadvantages? Don’t show function Limited resolution Repeated exposure of X-rays are harmful – 100 to 1000 times higher dose in CT compared to normal X ray 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What does MRI stand for? What is used to detect soft tissue? How many magnetic fields are used? What happens to the H nuclei as a result of these magnetic fields? What happens when the magnetic field due to the radio waves is turned off? How can a 3D image be produced? What can a MRI be used for? What are its advantages and disadvantages when compared to CAT scans? 1. Magnetic resonance imaging 2. Uses radio waves and magnetism. 3. 2 magnetic fields are imposed on the patient. 4. H nuclei in water change spin due to 2 magnetic fields 5. The H nuclei return to their original spin and release energy: this energy is detected. 6. 3D images produced by computer analysis from many sections 7. MRI can be used for diagnosis of tumours, strokes, infections. Their size and location can be identified. 1. Compared with CAT scans Better resolution than CAT No exposure to harmful radiation Takes longer More specialist equipment needed What How do the letters stand for? does it work? What does it show? Which areas of the brain have more oxyhaemoglobin? Why? How is this seen on the photo? 1. Functional magnetic resonance imaging 2. Shows activity of brain in real time (not frozen images)when carrying out certain actions Patients will have to perform tasks during the scan like listening, speaking, looking at images, etc. Oxyhaemoglobin doesn’t absorb radio waves, deoxyhaemoglobin does and these appear differently on scans. 3. Active areas of the brain result in increased blood flow. Higher amounts of oxyhaemoglobin indicate increased blood flow. Less signal is absorbed in active areas of the brain and so they “light up”. Q 8.36-8.37 Figure 1 fMRI image of the brain at rest. Each picture shows a different section of the brain, starting at the top of the brain on the top left, and going to the bottom on the lower right-hand picture. Figure 2 Brain image of someone completing a thinking task. Figure 3 Brain image of someone looking at a colourful patterned image. Figure 4 Image of the brain of a person who is performing a motor task, namely jumping up and down on one leg. (Note that the stimulation is higher in the brain than in Figure 5.) Figure 5 Image of the brain of a person listening to music (i.e. auditory stimulation). (Note that music and language together would stimulate this position in both cerebral hemispheres.) Q1 Decide which part of the brain is being used in the PET image shown in Figure 8. State a reason why that area of the brain is active Figure 8 PET image of the brain of someone memorising where they are leaving their car in an airport car park before they fly off for a holiday. Read page 233 What energy change occurs within the eye? Light electrical impulses Which 2 3 part of the eye is light sensitive? The retina types of light sensitive cells in the retina? Cones and rods layers within the retina? Photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion Which part of the brain routes sensory information to the correct part of the brain? Thalamus Which part of the brain processes visual information? Occipital lobe Where is this located? In the cerebral cortex at the back of the brain retina > optic nerve > thalamus > occipital lobe Info from the right side of _______ eyes is processed by the ______ hemisphere and info from the left by the ______ hemisphere. Locate and state the functions of the regions of the human brain’s Cerebral hemispheres (ability to see, think, learn and feel emotions), Hypothalamus (thermoregulate), Cerebellum (coordinate movement) and Medulla oblongata (control the heartbeat). Describe the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans in medical diagnosis and investigating brain structure and function.