Download Chapter 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

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“Chapter 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue” Study Guide
1. List AND explain the three major functions of the nervous system.
A. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
B. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
C. _____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Match the division of the nervous system to the correct description below. Some answers will be used more
than once.
A. Autonomic nervous system
C. Peripheral nervous system
B. Central nervous system
D. Somatic nervous system
______1. Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
______2. Subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as activation of skeletal muscles.
______3. Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves.
______4. Subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle and of glands;
also called the involuntary nervous system.
______5. A major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues
orders.
______6. A major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as the communication lines, linking all
parts of the body to the CNS.
3. This exercise emphasizes the difference between neurons and neuroglia. Indicate which cell type is identified by
the following descriptions.
A. Neurons
B. Neuroglia
______1. Support, insulate, and protect cells.
______2. Demonstrate irritability and conductivity – two important things for sending electrical messages
from one area of the body to another.
______3. Release neurotransmitters.
______4. Of the two type of cells in nervous tissue, these are the most numerous.
______5. Able to divide; therefore are responsible for most brain cancers.
4. List the three special characteristics of neurons. Look under the “Neurons” section in your notes.
A. _____________________________________________________________________________________
B. _____________________________________________________________________________________
C. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Complete the following tasks using the diagram below:
A. Label the following parts of a neuron on the diagram: Axon, Axon hillock, Axon terminal, Dendrites,
Myelin sheath, Nerve cell body, Node of Ranvier, and Nucleus
B. Draw arrows on the diagram to indicate the direction of impulse transmission along the neuron
C. Choose different colors for each of the structures listed below and color the illustration.
○
○
Axon
Dendrite
○
○
Nerve cell body
Myelin sheath
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6. Match the neuron anatomical term to the correct description of its function. Some answers will be used more
than once.
A. Axon
D. Dendrite
B. Axon terminal
E. Myelin sheath
C. Cell body
______1.
______2.
______3.
______4.
______5.
______6.
______7.
______8.
______9.
______10.
Releases neurotransmitters
Conducts impulses/action potentials toward the soma (cell body)
Increases the speed of impulse transmission
Location of the nucleus
Conducts impulses/action potentials away from the cell body
Most are located and protected within the CNS
Short, tapering, diffusely branched extension from the cell body
The process called a nerve fiber
Formed by Schwann cells in the PNS
Patchy disappearance in multiple sclerosis
7. Match the part of the neuron to their function.
A. Axon
B. Axon hillock
______1.
______2.
______3.
______4.
C. Axon terminals
D. Dendrite
Region that receives the impulse (Receptive region)
Region that creates and send the action potential (Trigger zone)
Region that conducts or transmits the impulse (Conducting component)
Region that releases neurotransmitter (Secretory components)
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8. Three diagrams of neurons are shown below. On the lines below each diagram, indicate the neuron’s structural
(unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar) and functional (sensory, motor, or interneuron/association) classification.
9. Match the term related to neurophysiology to the correct description.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Action potential
Depolarization
Polarized
Potassium ions
E.
F.
G.
H.
Refractory period
Repolarization
Sodium ions
Sodium-potassium pump
______1. Period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus.
______2. State in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron.
______3. Electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron.
______4. Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron.
______5. Transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron’s membrane.
______6. The chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron.
______7. Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into
the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron.
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10. Using the terms listed below, label the diagram of a chemical synapse.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Axon terminal
Ca2+ ions
Chemically gated channels
Direction of neurotransmitter movement
Direction of presynaptic impulse
K+ ions
Mitochondria
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
Na+ ions
Neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic membrane
Postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors
Presynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Synaptic vesicles
11. A brain tumor is found in a CT scan of Mr. Childs’ head. The physician is assuming that it is not a secondary
tumor (it did not spread from another part of the body) because an exhaustive workup has revealed no signs of
cancer elsewhere in Mr. Childs’ body. Is the brain tumor more likely to have developed from nerve tissue (a
neuron) or from neuroglia? Why?
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12. With what process does the lack of myelination seen in multiple sclerosis interfere?
13. Mr. Jacobson, a tax accountant, comes to the clinic complaining of feeling very “stressed out” and anxious. He
admits to drinking 10 to 12 cups of coffee daily. His doctor (knowing that caffeine lowers the threshold of
neurons) suggests he reduce his intake of coffee. Given that caffeine lowers the threshold of neurons, how
might this explain Mr. Jacobson’s symptoms?
14. What is the benefit of having highly branched cell processes such as those of neurons?
15. What two factors increase the speed of an action potential along the axon?
16. If two parallel pathways were equal in all regards (such as myelination, axon diameter, and total pathway
length), except that the axons in one pathway were twice as long as the axons in the neighboring pathway, in
which pathway would nerve impulses travel more quickly?
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