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This review session concentrates on the fundamentals of neuroscience covered in Chs 1 – 8 of Brain Facts. Thanks for your attention! February 1, 2014 Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Neuroanatomy Neuroanatomy: Questions you should be able to answer • Name the specialized parts of a neuron, and their different functions. • Name the different types of glial cells and their different functions. • Name the main divisions of the nervous system? • The cerebrum is divided into four lobes? Name them and indicate their main functions? Figure 2.2 The Major Parts of the Neuron Note that axons but not dendrites are myelinated. Figure 2.6 Representative Glial Cells Figure 2.8 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Figure 2.11 The Autonomic Nervous System Figure 2.12 Three Views of the Human Brain Neuroanatomy: Questions you should be able to answer • Name the specialized parts of a neuron, and their different functions. • Name the different types of glial cells and their different functions. • Name the main divisions of the nervous system? • The cerebrum is divided into four lobes? Name them and indicate their main functions? • What other facts did you just learn about the nervous system? • Other questions? Modes of communication: Questions you should be able to answer Modes of communication Preview of questions: • Information is coded using both chemical and electrical signals. – Explain how this works. Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Neurons use two main modes of communication to transmit information – Electrical (action and synaptic potentials) • Within neurons – Chemical (synaptic transmission) • Between neurons Figure 3.7 Propagation of the Action Potential Action potentials are caused by the movement of positively charged ions across the neuronal membrane: • sodium moves in = rise in potential • potassium moves out = decline in potential Figure 3.12 Steps in Transmission at a Chemical Synapse Figure 2.7 Synapses Modes of communication: Questions you should be able to answer • Information is coded using both chemical and electrical signals. – Explain how this works. • Questions Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Neurotransmitters and Drugs Neurotransmitters and Drugs: Questions you should be able to answer • Neurotransmitters (NTs) fall into one of four classes. What are they? • Drugs often affect brain function by affecting chemical signaling between neurons (i.e., synaptic transmission). – List the different ways that drugs can affect synaptic transmission – Give specific examples of drugs and how they work. • Some NTs are linked to particular functions or are relevant to a particular disease. – Name a NT and a function or disease it is linked to. Figure 4.9 Drug Effects on Presynaptic Mechanisms Figure 4.10 Drug Effects on Postsynaptic Mechanisms Figure 4.21 A Neural Pathway Implicated in Drug Abuse Neurotransmitters and Drugs: Questions you should be able to answer • Neurotransmitters (NTs) fall into one of four classes. What are they? • Drugs often affect brain function by affecting chemical signaling between neurons (i.e., synaptic transmission). – List the different ways that drugs can affect synaptic transmission – Give specific examples of drugs and how they work. • Some NTs are linked to particular functions or are relevant to a particular disease. – Name a NT and a function or disease it is linked to. Diseases, NTs and drugs • Alzheimer’s disease – Loss of memory – ACh releasing neurons die (basal forebrain bundle) – Inhibit acetylcholinesterase • Parkinson’s disease – Difficulty initiating movement, tremor at rest – DA neurons die in substantia nigra in the Basal Ganglia – L-dopa • Huntington’s disease – Uncontrolled movement – GABA releasing neuron die in the caudate/putamen (striatum) in the basal ganglia – Benzodizepines (e.g., valium) and anticonvulsants binds to GABA receptor to enhance effect of released GABA Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Development and Aging Development and Aging: Questions you should be able to answer • Brain development involves both progressive and regressive processes. Name two. • Developing neurons are said to compete to survive? – What are neurons competing for? – What is the name of the first one that was discovered? • How might early experiences in an enriched environment change the brain long term? • How is normal brain aging different from neurodegenerative diseases that affect the aging brain? • What sort of compensation can occur in the aging brain? . Figure 7.1 Development of the Nervous System in the Human Embryo and Fetus Figure 7.2 The Six Stages of Neural Development Normal brain development involves both progressive and regressive processes Competition for trophic factors may drive cell death and synapse elimination Figure 7.25 Hippocampal Shrinkage Correlates with Memory Decline in Aging Development and Aging: Questions you should be able to answer • Brain development involves both progressive and regressive processes. Name two. • Developing neurons are said to compete to survive? – What are neurons competing for? – What is the name of the first one that was discovered? • How might early experiences in an enriched environment change the brain long term? • How is normal brain aging different from neurodegenerative diseases that affect the aging brain? • What sort of compensation can occur in the aging brain? . Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Sensation vs. Perception Sensation and Perception: Questions you should be able to answer • What is the difference between sensation and perception? Can you name an example that demonstrates how sensory information may be incorrectly perceived? • How is light entering your eye perceived by the brain? In other words, what is the basic pathway to the cerebral cortex? • Our brains “know” what is happening inside and outside our bodies because of specialized receptors throughout our body. Can you name some of these receptors and the stimulus they respond to? • Morphine mimics what natural chemical in the brain to suppress pain? Figure 10.6 Anatomy of the Retina Figure 10.11 Visual Pathways in the Human Brain Where sensation conflicts with percpetion (visual illusion) Are these the same size? Figure 8.4 Receptors in Skin Sensation and Perception: Questions you should be able to answer • What is the difference between sensation and perception? Can you name an example that demonstrates how sensory information may be incorrectly perceived? • How is light entering your eye perceived by the brain? In other words, what is the basic pathway to the cerebral cortex? • Our brains “know” what is happening inside and outside our bodies because of specialized receptors throughout our body. Can you name some of these receptors and the stimulus they respond to? • Morphine mimics what natural chemical in the brain to suppress pain? Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Learning and Memory Learning and memory: Questions you should be able to answer • What did HM teach us about how the brain learns? • What are the cellular correlates of short and long term memory? • Different forms of learning depend on or engage different parts of the brain. – Name a type of learning and the brain region(s) important for this type of learning. – Name some of the methods/approaches neuroscientist use to identify what parts of the brain are involved in certain forms of learning? Figure 17.1 Brain Tissue Removed from Henry Molaison (Patient H.M.) Figure 17.2 Henry’s Performance on a Mirror-Tracing Task Figure 17.5 Subtypes of Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory Figure 17.15 Brain Regions Involved in Different Kinds of Learning and Memory Figure 17.16 Synaptic Changes That May Store Memories (Part 2) Figure 17.22 Roles of NMDA and AMPA Receptors in Induction of LTP in the CA1 Region Learning and memory: Questions you should be able to answer • What did HM teach us about how the brain learns? • What are the cellular correlates of short and long term memory? • Different forms of learning depend on or engage different parts of the brain. – Name a type of learning and the brain region(s) important for this type of learning. – Name some of the methods/approaches neuroscientist use to identify what parts of the brain are involved in certain forms of learning? Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Language Language: Questions you should be able to answer • What cortical lobe is most associated with aspects of language? • Our capacity to produce versus understand speech depends on two different areas of the brain. – What are their names and what function is lost when each area is damaged? • Language is functionally lateralized. – Explain what this means. – Are all aspects of language lateralized? Figure 19.6 Cortical Speech and Language Areas in Humans Figure 19.7 Brain Lesions That Produce Aphasia Language: Questions you should be able to answer • What cortical lobe is most associated with aspects of language? • Our capacity to produce versus understand speech depends on two different areas of the brain. – What are their names and what function is lost when each area is damaged? • Language is functionally lateralized. – Explain what this means. – Are all aspects of language lateralized? Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Motor Motor control: Questions you should be able to answer • Two different kinds of mechanoreceptors help to regulate movement. – What are they called – Where are they located? – What sort of stimuli are each sensitive to? • Placing a heavy object in someone’s hand causes her/his arm to lower; s/he quickly recovers and brings the arm back up. – Describe the neural pathway and events involved. • E.g., What detects the increased load? What is happening to allow the am to return its original position? • What neurodegenerative disease causes motoneurons in the brain (what region?) and the spinal cord to die? Figure 11.8 Motoneurons and Neuromuscular Junctions (Part 2) Figure 3.17 The Knee Jerk Reflex Figure 11.10 The Stretch Reflex Circuit Figure 11.16 Human Motor Cortical Areas Motor control: Questions you should be able to answer • Two different kinds of mechanoreceptors help to regulate movement. – What are they called – Where are they located? – What sort of stimuli are each sensitive to? • Placing a heavy object in someone’s hand causes her/his arm to lower; s/he quickly recovers and brings the arm back up. – Describe the neural pathway and events involved. • E.g., What detects the increased load? What is happening to allow the am to return its original position? • What neurodegenerative disease causes motoneurons in the brain (what region?) and the spinal cord to die? Figure 11.18 Basal Ganglia Involved in Movement What late-onset diseases are associated with neurodegeneration in the basal ganglia? What parts of the basal ganglia degenerate for what disease? Brain Bee at MSU Review Session Sleep • The role of light in daily rhythms • The “master clock” in the brain Sleep: Questions you should be able to answer. • Brain activity changes during sleep. – Describe these changes in brain activity during sleep and indicate the name of the device used to measures brain activity. • The REM stage of sleep is paradoxical. How so? • Name two sleep disorders and discuss what is happening in the body and/or brain to cause these disorders. • A part of the brain is called the “master clock” – What is this brain region called and what kind of information does it receive from the environment? • What two chemical signals in the brain are thought be responsible for triggering sleep? Figure 14.5 The Retinohypothalamic Pathway in Mammals Figure 14.11 Electrophysiological Correlates of Sleep and Waking Figure 14.27 Brain Mechanisms Underlying Sleep Figure 14.30 Neural Degeneration in Humans with Narcolepsy Sleep: Questions you should be able to answer. • Brain activity changes during sleep. – Describe these changes in brain activity during sleep and indicate the name of the device used to measures brain activity. • The REM stage of sleep is paradoxical. How so? • Name two sleep disorders and discuss what is happening in the body and/or brain to cause these disorders. • A part of the brain is called the “master clock” – What is this brain region called and what kind of information does it receive from the environment? • What two chemical signals in the brain are thought be responsible for triggering sleep? Brain Bee at MSU Review Session • Stress Figure 15.19 Autonomic Activation during a Stress Situation Figure 15.21 Factors That Interact during the Development and Progression of Disease Stress: Questions you should be able to answer. • Stress induces striking changes in the function of many organs in the body via the autonomic nervous system (ANS). – Name the two parts of the ANS and indicate how their activity changes during stress. – How might these changes be adaptive during acute stress? – What adrenal hormone increases when someone feels stressed? • Exposure to prolonged stressors causes numerous health risks. What are some of them?