Download Language & Brain Lecture 120110
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Phrenology Wrong! Outer Surface of Human Brain Axial Slice through Human Brain Front Gray Matter Gyri = Neuron cell bodies & dendrites Cortex = Outer layer of gray matter Sulci White Matter = Myelin (=fat)covered axons Back Major Lobes of the Brain Ways to Find Out About Brain Function Most of what we know about the brain comes from brain damage - Damage to specific regions often produces specific deficits - e.g., In the 1800s, Broca observed that damage to the left frontal lobe led to language deficits (aphasia) - This is how it was first discovered that different parts of the brain have different functions But we can't get the full story on normal function from damage - Lack of control - Involvement vs responsibility - Compensation & reorganization Some Regions Involved in Language (Evidence from Brain Damage) Function in the Normal Brain Ways to monitor brain activity non-invasively, as it’s happening Measure: 1. Electrical and magnetic fields generated by neurons - Electroencephalography (EEG, ERP) - Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - Event-related Optical Signal (EROS) 2. Blood flow to active regions - Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) - Other optical methods (Near-Infrared Spectrometry – NIRS) 3. Consequences of temporary disruption (Not so non-invasive!) - Electrical stimulation - Magnetic stimulation (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - TMS)
