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The Nervous System Communication Central Nervous System • Function: To control and coordinate functions throughout the body and to respond to internal and external stimuli. COMMUNICATION HOW IS COMMUNICATION ACCOMPLISHED? • Cells called neurons transmit electrical signals called impulses. • Three Types of Neurons • Sensory neurons – carry impulses from sense organs to spinal cord and brain. • Motor neurons - carry impulses from the brain to muscles and glands. • Interneurons - connect sensory and motor neurons. Divisions of the Nervous System 1. The Central Nervous System • • Brain Spinal cord 2. The Peripheral Nervous System • • Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Central Nervous System The Brain • 100 billion neurons • Protected by skull bones • Wrapped in three layers of connective tissue called meninges. • Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absorber. The Central Nervous System Spinal Cord • The communication link between the brain and the body. • 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord. The Peripheral Nervous System • All of the nerves that are not a part of the central nervous system. • Somatic nervous System - regulates activities that are under conscious control (muscles) and pain reflexes. • Autonomic Nervous System – regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary. • Ex: heart rate, blood flow, muscles of digestive system Sensory Receptors • • • • • Pain receptors (entire body) - indicate danger or injury Thermoreceptors (skin, hypothalmus) - detect variations in temperature Mechanoreceptors (skin, skeletal muscles, inner ear) - sensitive to touch, pressure, sound, motion Chemoreceptors (nose, taste buds) sensitive to chemicals in environment. Photoreceptors (eyes) – sensitive to light. The Senses Vision • • • • Iris Pupil Lens Retina • Rods • Cones The Senses Hearing and Balance • Hearing is the detection of sound vibrations. • • • • • Auditory canal Typmanum Hammer, anvil, stirrup Oval window Cochlea • Balance is controlled by the inner ear. • Semicircular canals The Senses Smell and Taste • The senses of smell and taste are chemical senses. • Much of taste is actually smell. • Taste buds are sence organs that detect taste. • Taste buds are classified as salty, bitter, sweet, and sour. The Senses Touch • All of the regions of your skin are sensitive to touch. • Not all parts of the body are equally sensitive to touch. Why? • Where would the most receptors be found?