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The Nervous System
Medical Terminology
Important Combining Forms
• Brain -------- encephal/o
• Spinal cord -------- myel/o
• Nerve ------------ neur/o ; neur/i
The Nervous System
3 divisions of nervous system
CNS, PNS, ANS
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Central Nervous System ( CNS)
- brain & spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System ( PNS)
- cranial nerves(12 pairs)
- spinal nerves (31 pairs)
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Autonomic Nervous System ( ANS)
-sympathetic (adrenergic)
-parasympathetic (cholinergic)
• Neurons
– Transmit nerve impulses
– 3 parts
• Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axons (only one)
– Myelin
• Make nerves “white”
• grey nerves = no myelin
– “nerve” = bundled axons
• Called “tract” in CNS
• Types of neurons
“ACE”& “SAM”
– Afferent = to = sensory
– Efferent = away = motor
– Connecting = associative
• Impulse goes from neuronal
axon to another neuron or a
receptor
– This junction called ---synapse
– neurotransmitters
• Brain
(in ascending order)
– Brain stem
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain
– Cerebellum
– Diencephalon
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
– Cerebrum
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Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Corpus callosum
• Brain & Spinal Cord
– Meninges
• Dura
• Arachnoid
• Pia
– Cerebral Spinal Fluid
• Around CNS
(subarachnoid space)
• Within CNS (ventricles)
– See next slide
• Arachnoid villi
• Ventricles
– Lateral (2)
– Third ventricle
– Fourth ventricle
• Goes directly
down spinal cord
-or• Goes to outside of
brain/cord
– Choroid plexus
• Produces the CSF
• Spinal cord
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Myel/o = spine & bone marrow
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Central canal
Pathology of the Nervous System
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Cephalgia
Meningitis
Encephalitis (encephal/o = brain)
Hydrocephalus
Meningocele (-cele = hernia)
Alzheimer’s (senile dementia)
Presenile dementia
Amnesia
Epidural hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Syncope
Lethargy (drowsiness)
Stupor (numbness)
Coma (deep sleep)
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Autism
ADD & AD/HD
Dyslexia
Bipolar disorder
Acrophobia
Agoraphobia
Claustrophobia
Hypochondriasis
Malingering
Kleptomania
Neurosis
Psychosis
Generalized seizure
– Tonic-clonic
• Grand mal epilepsy
• Petit mal epilepsy
• Aura
Nervous System Diagnostics & Treatments
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CAT scan
MRI
EEG
Encephalography
Myelogram
Tranquilizer
– Sedative
– Hypnotic
• craniotomy
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Lobotomy
Lobectomy
ECT = eltroconvulsive therapy
Anesthesia
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Topical
Local
Regional
Epidural
Spinal
General