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David G. Myers AP Psychology Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior: 3A— Neural Processing and the Endocrine System © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.1 A wrongheaded theory Despite initial acceptance of Franz Gall’s speculations, bumps on the skull tell us nothing about the brain’s underlying functions. Nevertheless, some of Gall’s assumptions have held true. Different parts of the brain do control different aspects of behavior, as you will see throughout this unit. © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.2 A motor neuron © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.3 Action potential © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.4 How neurons communicate © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.5 Neurotransmitter pathways Each of the brain’s differing chemical messengers has designated pathways where it operates, as shown here for serotonin and dopamine. Carter, 1998 © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.6 Agonists and antagonists © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.7 The functional divisions of the human nervous system © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.8 The dual functions of the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system controls the more autonomous (or self-regulating) internal functions. Its sympathetic division arouses and expends energy. Its parasympathetic division calms and conserves energy, allowing routine maintenance activity. For example, sympathetic stimulation accelerates heartbeat, whereas parasympathetic stimulation slows it. © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.9 A simplified neural network: learning to play the violin Neurons network with nearby neurons. Encoded in these networks of interrelating neurons is your own enduring identity (as a musician, an athlete, a devoted friend)—your sense of self that extends across the years. © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.10 A simple reflex © 2010 by Worth Publishers Figure 3A.11 The endocrine system © 2010 by Worth Publishers
