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Welcome to BIOL 252
Human Anatomy and Physiology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRoSy1Hwouo
Welcome to BIOL 252
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Dr. Gidi Shemer
[email protected]
http://www.bio.unc.edu/Courses/2011Fall/Biol252Sections456/
Office: Wilson Hall G41
Office hours: Mon and Wed 01:00-04:00
Labs
Wilson 111, 212
My office
Wilson G41
Departmental Advising
http://www.bio.unc.edu/Faculty/Shemer/
Available courses
Choosing the right course
Career decisions
Research opportunities
Graduate school in Biology
Resources at UNC
BIT
Biology Tutorial center
Anatomy and Physiology ??
Anatomy : the study of structure
Physiology : the study of function
- The labs will mainly deal with Anatomy
- Coordinated by Dr. Corey Johnson
- Self-work with 3D models
- Short assignment on Bb BEFORE the lab
- Short quiz on the day of the lab
- First lab: second week
In the lectures….
Grading
25% x 3 exams = 75%
lab exercises and exams = 25%
(Participation in class?)
Lectures are important
No notes provided
Use the ppt handouts
Answer review questions
THINK!!!
Textbook
Philip Tate
How to study for this class
Big picture (concepts)
Details
Big picture (how all the details work together)
- Answer the review questions
- Use the book and your friends to review the material
- Make sure you do NOT memorize unnecessary details
- Follow this pattern for each section
(system/subsystem)
Blackboard
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You are ALL on section 004
Announcements
Syllabus, schedule
Power points
Assigned readings
Links
Grades
Registration
-Sign-up sheet available up front
- Those with relevant needs have priority
1. Major requirement – e.g. nursing
2. Otherwise: Seniors > Juniors >
Sophomores
- Being pre- (med, dental, vet, ophthalmology,
etc.) does not constitute a priority
Poll Everywhere
• Answering my questions in the classroom via
text messages/website
• Multiple choice and free text
• Follow the guidelines posted on the website
and on Blackboard (use your Onyen email
address)
• Participation is mandatory
What are we going to study this semster?
Two key take home messages
Two key take home messages
1) Function follows form
Two key issue during the semester
1) Function follows form
2) The most important term in physiology
Homeostasis
WB Cannon
How the varied components of
living things adjust to maintain a
constant internal environment
that makes possible optimal
functioning
So we have a balanced state, but it
is NOT static!!
Homeostatic Imbalances = Diseases (e.g. diabetes)
Levels of organization
Cellular
Chemical
(Smooth
muscle)
Tissue
(Blood
vessel)
Organismal
Organ
Organ
system
(Cardiovascular
system)
Our body systems
The basic body systems
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
Regulation
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
Maintenance
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Immune system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
Continuity
- Reproductive system
Directional terms
Planes of the body
Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
mid/ para
Transverse plane
An organ is composed of different tissues
Epithelial cells
Connective
tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous system
The Nervous System
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4uh2r1djWw
The Nervous System
- General organization
- The basic units- the cells
- Neurophysiology
- Neural interactions
Brain, Spinal cord, Neuronal pathways, Special senses
The Human Nervous System
The Central
Nervous System
(CNS)
The Peripheral
Nervous System
(PNS)
The Nervous System
Monitors changes
Processes and interprets
Causes a response
PNS
CNS
Central Nervous system
sensory
Peripheral Nervous system
Sensory (Afferent)
motor
Motor (Efferent)
Somatic
Autonomic
Neurons
“The Mysterious Butterflies of the Soul”
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
(1852-1934)
“As the entomologist chasing butterflies of bright
colors, my attention was seeking in the garden of
gray matter, those cells of delicate and elegant forms,
the mysterious butterflies of the soul, whose
fluttering wings would someday—who knows?—
enlighten the secret of mental life”
Neurons
“The Mysterious Butterflies of the Soul”
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Nobel prize in
physiology and
medicine 1906
The neuron
Most of our wiring is insulated
Myelin sheath
Myelin sheath
• Whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), segmented
sheath around most long (NOT ALL) axons
• It functions to:
- Protect the axon
- Electrically insulate fibers from one another
- Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission
Myelin sheath
• Formed by Schwann cells in
the PNS
• A Schwann cell:
- Envelopes an axon in a trough
- Has concentric layers of
membrane that make up the
myelin sheath
Axons are bundled together to form fascicles
CNS: axon bundles form tracts
PNS: axon bundles form nerves
Neurons are not alone
Neurons are not alone:
The supporting neuroglia
CNS
Astrocytes
- Support and brace neurons
- Anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies
- Guide migration of young neurons
- Control the chemical environment
Microglia
The “Immune System” of the CNS
- Small, ovoid cells with spiny processes
- Turn into phagocytes upon inflammation
(monitor the health of neurons, in the absence
of macrophages, due to the BBB)
Ependymal cells
- Ciliated epithelial cells
lining the central cavities of
the brain and spinal column
- Forming a permeable
barrier between the CSF
and nervous tissue
- Beating cilia helps
circulating the CSF
CSF
(cerebrospinal fluid)
-Beating cilia helps circulating the CSF
A
Banizs et al. Development (2005)
B
Neurons are Not Alone:
The supporting neuroglia
CNS
Oligodendrocytes
- Insulators of the thick
neurons of the CNS
- A single oligodendrocyte
can form myelin sheaths
around several axons
The supporting neuroglia in the CNS
The supporting neuroglia in the PNS
- Schwann cells
surround and insulate axons
(the “oligodendrocytes” of the PNS)
- Satellite cells
Support an nourish cell bodies (“astrocytes”
of the PNS)
Summary
Central Nervous system
sensory
Peripheral Nervous system
Sensory (Afferent)
motor
Motor (Efferent)
Somatic (skin, skeletal
muscle and joints)
Visceral (internal
organs)
Somatic
Autonomic
Skeletal muscles
Smooth and cardiac
muscles; Glands
Summary
Not all neurons look like that