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Psych 7 Mascolo Course Notes – Neuroanatomy – Richard Mascolo, Ph.D. Chapter 3 -- The Nervous System Basic distinction of the nervous system: CNS vs. PNS: Central Nervous System Brain & Spinal cord vs. Peripheral Nervous System Everything else Some PNS neurons bring information to the CNS, others take information away from the CNS: Afferent = Sensory = “To be affected by something” these neurons gather info from the body/outside world & bring it to the CNS Efferent = Motor = “To effect a change” -- these neurons gather commands from the CNS & deliver them to the body The CNS & PNS can be distinguished in terms of both Structure & Function Structures of the CNS not shared by PNS are protective Encased in bone (skull & vertebrae) Wrapped in Meninges (Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater) Bathed in Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) – buoyed, cushioned, nourished (Fig. 3.3) Isolated by Blood/Brain Barrier (Endothelial Cells that line inside of arteries are tightly compacted in the cerebral arteries as well as coronary arteries) – cannot cross unless: Very small Fat soluble (Dissolve across Endothelial Cells) Actively transported (e.g., Glucose) Functions of the CNS not shared by the PNS are based in the evaluation & analysis of information Simple Transmission (PNS) vs. Transmission + Analysis (CNS) Cells of Nervous System Neurons Organelles in the soma control cellular functions Covered by cell membrane -- phospholipid bilayer – evolutionarily successful – built passively (self-organizing hydrophilic “heads” & hydrophobic “tails”) Psych 7 Mascolo Course Notes – Neuroanatomy – Richard Mascolo, Ph.D. Glial Cells “ Glue” (maintain structure) but not just this function defined early on; also clear debris, store & release NTs, even transmission And now – Lots of terminology CNS/PNS CNS PNS Cell Bodies & Dendrites Nuclei Ganglia Axons Tracts Nerves Glials Ogliodendrocytes Schwann cells Directional Terms - Relative to animal’s “Neuraxis” (not a term in your text) – bent at right angle in humans. Terms (Paired) Directions Examples Anterior – Posterior Rostral – Caudal Front-Back Beak-Tail Central Sulcus divides Frontal Lobe (Anterior) from Parietal Lobe (Posterior) Ventral – Dorsal Belly Side -- Back Side Spinal Nerve Roots: Sensory (Dorsal); Motor (Ventral) Superior* – Inferior Above -- Below Lateral Fissure divides Frontal & Parietal Lobes (Superior) from Temporal Lobe (Inferior) Medial – Lateral Toward Midline -Away from Midline Nose (Medial) – Ears (Lateral) Proximal—Distal Close - Far “approximate” “distant” Psych 7 Mascolo Course Notes – Neuroanatomy – Richard Mascolo, Ph.D. *Note: Because the human neuraxis is bent at a right angle, the Superior direction is also considered Dorsal, and the Inferior direction is also considered Ventral Perspectives: 1 for each of 3 Dimensions (and Other Terms) Term Direction Frontal (Coronal) Front – Back Sagittal Side to Side Horizontal Top -- Bottom Contralateral Opposite Sides (Decussate) Ipsilateral Same Sides Bilateral Both Sides Lamina Parallel to cortical surface – e.g., Cerebral Cortex -- Layers I - VI, see Brodmann’s “Cytoarchitecture” below Column Perpendicular to cortical surface Example: This is a Sagittal view of the Lateral surface of the Left cerebral hemisphere Now – Fill in the blanks: Psych 7 Mascolo Course Notes – Neuroanatomy – Richard Mascolo, Ph.D. This is a _______ view of the ______ surface of the ________ cerebral hemisphere (that is, the left cerebral hemisphere has been removed) This is a __________ view of the cerebral hemispheres, which are separated by the _________ Fissure Psych 7 Mascolo Course Notes – Neuroanatomy – Richard Mascolo, Ph.D. Brodmann (1909) divided the cytoarchitecture of the 6 cortical laminae into 52 different areas – much more detailed than 4 lobes Psych 7 Mascolo Course Notes – Neuroanatomy – Richard Mascolo, Ph.D. CNS connections to PNS & Body: Brain: 12 cranial nerves: “On Old Olympus Towering Tops A German And Fin VIewed Some Hops” – a mnemonic for remembering the names of the 12 cranial nerves (Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, … (we’re not memorizing these, but I’ll mention a few of them later on) Spinal cord: 31 pairs of spinal nerves: Starting with the most superior, they are: 1-8 Cervical -- 8 9-20 Thoracic -- 12 21-25 Lumbar -- 5 26-30 Sacral -- 5 1 Coccygeal -- 1 Total = 31 Each pair exits via a Dorsal Nerve Root (sensory) and Ventral Nerve Root (motor) -- can distinguish by presence of Dorsal Nerve Root ganglion Autonomic Nervous System -- Structural Differences lead to Functional Differences: Sympathetic Branch Parasympathetic Branch activation “Sympathetically” Discretely location Contiguous: Thoracic & Lumbar Separated: Cranial & Sacral Length of Pre vs Post Ganglionic fibers Short Pre, Long Post (connected) Long Pre, Short Post (separated) So the Sympathetic Nervous System is hardwired to alarm the entire body – increase heart rate as well as respiration, activate sweat glands, etc. In the diagram below you can see how the sympathetic spinal nerves are all close to each other as they exit the spinal cord – if part becomes activated, the whole system responds as well – that’s the “in sympathy” part The Parasympathetic Nervous System, on the other hand, is hardwired to effect a “relaxation response” in specific parts of the body – much more subtle than the “3 alarm blaze” of the Psych 7 Mascolo Course Notes – Neuroanatomy – Richard Mascolo, Ph.D. Sympathetic Nervous System. So as a species we are hard wired to stress out – very adaptive when life was filled with physical danger, but not so great now that we are “civilized”. Here’s another diagram showing the structural & functional differences of the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems: Psych 7 Mascolo Course Notes – Neuroanatomy – Richard Mascolo, Ph.D. I’ve added some detail (and color-coding) to Figure 3.29 here: Major Brain Area Telencephalon Major Features or Structures Cerebral Lobes Major Fissures Substructures Basic Functions Frontal Organization & Planning – greatest difference between humans & other mammals Audition, Visual Recognition Body awareness Vision Separates Left & Right Cerebral Hemispheres Temporal Parietal Occipital Longitudinal Fissure Lateral Fissure Central Sulcus Major Gyri Limbic System Diencephalon Mesencepahon Basal Ganglia Corpus Callosum Thalamus Hpothalamus Periaqueductal gray Metencephalon Pons Cerebellum Reticular Formation Myencephalon Medulla Precentral Gyrus Postcentral Gyrus Superior Temporal Gyrus Amygdala Hippocampus Separates Frontal & Parietal Lobes (Superior) from Temporal Lobe (Inferior) Separates Frontal Lobe (Anterior) from Parietal Lobe (Posterior) Primary Motor Cortex Primary Somatosensory Cortex Primary Auditory Cortex Conditioned Fear/Anxiety Formation of Long Term Memories Movement, Cognitive Functions Major Connection between Left & Right Cerebral Hemispheres Major Sensory Relay – Vision, Audition Motivational Emotions, Behaviors – Hunger, Thirst, Sex Endorphin & Opiate Receptors Neurons Decussate (Cross Over Left-Right) Movement, Conditioned Memories, Verbal Skills Consciousness & Awareness Vital Reflexes – Sneezing coughing, vomiting; circulation & respiration